Orthohepadnavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Hepadnaviridae. Humans and other mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 19 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic infections), and cirrhosis.
Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species:
Orthohepadnavirus bassarisci, Ringtail hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus equidae, Equid hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus felisdomestici, Domestic cat hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus hominoidei, Hepatitis B virus genotype D – includes HBV and ape-infecting relatives (chHBV, giHBV, goHBV, orHBV). Named after the Hominoidea.Rename all currently listed viral species of the family Orthohepadnaviridae to the binominal nomenclature and Introduce 7 new virus species in the genus Orthohepadnavirus and 2 new species in the genus Avihepadnavirus. (2023). ICTV Change Request 2023.014D. Available online from https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/2023.014D.Hepadnaviridae_19renam_9nsp.zip. Orthohepadnavirus lagothricis, Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus longidigiti, Long-fingered bat hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus magniferrequini, Greater Horseshoe bat hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus magnimyotis, Large myotis bat hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus marmotae, Woodchuck hepatitis virus Orthohepadnavirus myominrhinus, Myodav bat hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus philantombae, Tai Forest hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus pomi, Pomona bat hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus rotundifolii, Roundleaf bat hepatitis B virus – also includes HSBHBV Orthohepadnavirus sapaji, Capuchin monkey hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus sciuri, Ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV aka ASHV) Orthohepadnavirus soricicoronati, Crowned shrew hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus soriciodoris, Musk shrew hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus soricisinensis, Chinese shrew hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus tabernarii, Tent-making bat hepatitis B virus
A few of the bat species were first reported in 2013.
Structure Viruses in the genus Orthohepadnavirus are enveloped, with spherical geometries, and T=4 symmetry. The diameter is around 42 nm. Genomes are circular, around 3.2kb in length. The genome codes for 7 proteins.
Genus Structure Symmetry Capsid Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentationOrthohepadnavirusIcosahedralT=4Non-envelopedCircularMonopartite
Life cycle Viral replication is nucleo-cytoplasmic. Replication follows the dsDNA(RT) replication model. DNA-templated transcription, specifically dsDNA(RT) transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning. The virus exits the host cell by budding, and nuclear pore export. Human and mammals serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are sexual, blood, and contact.
Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site TransmissionOrthohepadnavirusHumans; mammalsHepatocytesCell receptor endocytosisBuddingNucleusCytoplasmVertical: parental; sex; blood
References
External links ICTV Report: Hepadnaviridae Viralzone: Orthohepadnavirus