Pospelov (masculine, ) or Pospelova (feminine, ) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksandra Pospelova (born 1998), Russian tennis player Maria V. Pospelova-Shtrom (1902–1991), Russian parasitologist Pyotr Pospelov (1898–1979), Soviet scientist and functionary Pospelov Commission Svetlana Pospelova (born 1979), Russian sprinter Dmytro Pospyelov (born 1991), Ukrainian soccer player