Central Dusun, also known as Bunduliwan (), is an Austronesian language and one of the more widespread languages spoken by the Dusun (including Kadazan) peoples of Sabah, Malaysia.
History
What is termed as Central Dusun (or simply Dusun) and Coastal Kadazan (or simply Kadazan) are deemed to be highly mutually intelligible to one other; many consider these to be part of a single language.
The language was among many other Sabahan vernacular languages suppressed under Mustapha Harun's assimilationist enforcement of Bahasa Malaysia across the state. Under the efforts of the Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah, in 1995, the central Bundu-Liwan dialect was selected to serve as the basis for a standardised "Kadazandusun" language. This dialect, spoken in the Bundu and Liwan valleys of the Crocker-Trusmadi ranges (now parts of the present-day districts of Ranau, Tambunan and Keningau), was selected as it was deemed to be the most mutually intelligible when conversing with other "Dusun" or "Kadazan" dialects.
Phonology The phonemes in Central Dusun and Coastal Kadazan are as follows:
Consonants +Central Dusun consonantsLabialAlveolarDorsalGlottalNasalPlosivevoicelessvoicedFricativeRhoticApproximant Robinson specifies that /r/ in Tindal Dusun is a flap . +Coastal Kadazan consonantsLabialAlveolarDorsalGlottalNasalPlosivevoicelessvoicedImplosiveFricativevoicelessvoicedApproximant
occurs as an allophone of in word-medial position.
Tangit and MBDK note that Coastal Kadazan consonants correspond to the following consonants found in other varieties: +Central Dusun consonantCoastal Kadazan cognateExample/r//l/CD ralan, CK lahan "road"/r//∅/CD boros, CK boos "word"/l//h/CD loyou, CK hozou "song"/w//v/CD awasi, CK avasi "good"/j//z/CD agayo, CK agazo "big"
Vowels Kadazandusun is usually said to have four vowels /a i u o/. According to Tingit, /o/ in Central Dusun is less rounded [o̜, ɤ] than in Coastal Kadazan and is sometimes represented with ⟨e⟩.
Orthography
Dusun is written using the Latin alphabet using 21 characters (the letters C, E, F, Q, and X are used in loanwords):
A B D G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z
These characters together are called Pimato.
Diphthongs: (sometimes pronounced )
Some combinations of vowels do not form diphthongs and each vowel retains its separate sound: . In some words is not a diphthong, and this is indicated by an apostrophe between the two vowels: .
Grammar Personal pronouns Tindal Dusun has a Philippine-type focus system of syntax that makes one particular noun phrase in a sentence the most prominent. The prominent or focused noun (or noun phrase) is not necessarily the subject or the agent. In clauses with pronouns, both the pronoun as well as the verbal morphology carry indication of focus. If the verbal morphology carries actor-focus, the clause's actor will be a nominative pronoun - or rarely an emphatic pronoun. Any other noun phrase in the clause must take pronouns from a different set, as only one noun phrase can be the focus of a clause.
+Tindal pronounsGloss NominativeGenitiveOblique Emphatic 1sg joho 2sg 3sg 1in1ex 2pl 3pl
+Kadazandusun pronounsGlossEmphaticNominativeGenitiveOblique1sg1du1pl2sg2pl3sg.m3sg.f3pl
"The "emphatic" pronouns are used alone or preposedly, either as answers or to stress the pronoun.
Examples
Sentence structure A typical Dusun sentence is VSO.
It is, however, possible for a grammatically correct Dusun sentence to be SVO.
Vocabulary +NumeralsEnglishDusunonetwothreefourfivesixseveneightninetenhundredthousand
To form numbers such as fifty or sixty, a multiplier is combined with a positional unit (tens, hundreds, thousands etc.), using .
Separate units are combined with .
+MonthsEnglishDusun January February March April May June July August September October November December The Dusun name of the months derive from the traditional cycle of paddy harvesting. +Days of the weekEnglish DusunDusun nameNumerical Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday The names for the days of the week are mostly based on a simple numerical sequence, which is commonly used for media and newspapers. The names of Dusun days as part of the seven-day week derive from the life cycle of a butterfly. +InterrogativesEnglishDusun what who where when why how how many
Dialects
Central Dusun is divided into four main dialect groups: Liwanic: Liwan, Inobong Dusun, Tuhawon Bunduic: Bundu, Sinulihan, Tagahas, Manggatal Dusun Tindalic: Tindal-Kiau-Tempasuk, Luba-Tonduk-Gobukon Ulu Sugut Dusun: Tinagas, Lingkabau, Talantang
Central Dusun dialects are mostly mutually intelligible when conversing.
Sample prayers
Our Father
Translation: Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us. Do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.
Hail Mary
Translation: Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you. Blessed are you amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us, sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen.
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Kadazandusun Language Foundation Kadazandusun Online Vocabulary Sharing Numbers in Dusun (Dynamic) Collection of Central Dusun sentences at tatoeba.org Collection of Central Dusun sentences with audio at tatoeba.org