Norwegian orthography is the method of writing the Norwegian language, of which there are two written standards: Bokmål and Nynorsk. While Bokmål has for the most part derived its forms from the written Danish language and Danish-Norwegian speech, Nynorsk gets its word forms from Aasen's reconstructed "base dialect", which is intended to represent the distinctive dialectal forms. Both standards use a 29-letter variant of the Latin alphabet and the same orthographic principles.
Alphabet The Norwegian alphabet is based upon the Latin alphabet and is identical to the Danish alphabet. Since 1917 it has consisted of the following 29 letters. LetterName or The letters , , , and are not used in the spelling of native Norwegian words. They are rarely used; loanwords routinely have their orthography adapted to the native sound system.
Diacritics Norwegian (especially the Nynorsk variant) also uses several letters with diacritic signs: , , , , , and . The diacritic signs are not compulsory, but can be added to clarify the meaning of words (homonyms) which otherwise would be identical. One example is ("a boy") versus ("one boy"), in Nynorsk, and ("a boy") versus ("one boy") in Bokmål. Diacritics are obligatory in foreign proper names that use them, like , , , . In other loanwords diacritics are optional, like , . If the loanword has been adapted for Norwegian use, diacritics that were there originally should not be included, as in , , . Note the letters , and never take diacritics.
The diacritic signs in use include the acute accent, grave accent and the circumflex. A common example of how the diacritics change the meaning of a word can be seen with the word : (preposition. "for", "to", Bokmål and Nynorsk) (verb. "went", in the sense "went quickly", Bokmål and Nynorsk) (noun. "furrow", Nynorsk only) (noun. "fodder", "feed", Bokmål and Nynorsk)
can be used in , meaning "also". This word is found in both Nynorsk and Bokmål. An example of in Nynorsk is , meaning "weather".
Sound-to-spelling correspondences
Vowels Grapheme IPAExamplesNotes arg "angry" far "father" usuallypest "plague" evig "eternal"before erge "to anger" er "is"unstressedgamle "old (pl.)"plural of gammel/gamal litt "a little" mil "mile"Usually the Scandinavian mile, i.e. 10 km topp "top", rom "room" mose "to mash", flog "steep cliff" lugg "bangs", skuff "drawer" rute "route" rydde "to clear" fryse "to freeze" usuallyætt "family, clan" hæl "heel"before nærme seg "to get closer" kjær "dear" tømmer "timber" brød "bread" åst "love" flå "to flay"
Vowel length can usually be deduced from the spelling based on the rule that short vowels are followed by two or more consonant letters, while long vowels are followed by at most one consonant letter. There are, however, certain exceptions to this rule where vowel length must be memorised. In those cases where the same letter can represent two different vowel qualities, the first given vowel is by far predominant (for example, short is usually , long is usually ). Words where the other vowel quality occurs should, again, be memorised as exceptions.
Vowel-digraph combinations GraphemeIPAExampleshai "shark"meir "more" meg "me"til høyre "to the right" løgn "lie"raus "generous" terapeut "therapist"koie "primitive hut"
Consonants GraphemeIPAExamplesNotes "child" "town" usually "door" "animal"morpheme-finally after or "cold" "hand"May also be silent within a morpheme (e.g. "farmer") and morpheme-finally after a long vowel (e.g. "good", "blood", "red", "happy", "with") "deep"The d might also be pronounced in many dialects, like in "devil" "father" "fish"Sometimes silent in the archaic word "dozen" usually "good" "Norway" in the words "I", ' "me", "you" (singular), "oneself", "goat", "Sweden". Silent in "morning" and in the unstressed form of pronouns , , , . May be silent in the word "and".before or "to give" "valid"Pronounced in loanwords (e.g. "guitar", "grammar school")in the suffix and "sleepy" "friendly"Pronounced before the suffix (e.g. "sleepiest", "friendliest") "to do" "guest" after a vowel in the same morpheme "parish" "signal"Pronounced if followed by or otherwise "rain" "house" "hand" "help" "heart" "white" "who" "Christmas" "chase" usually "cool" "cake"before or "cinema" "cows" "boiler" "feel" or "leg" "lung" "scythe" "lie" "self" "half" "stomach" "mole" "nectar/refuses" "no" "king" "penguin"Pronounced in some loanwords (e.g. "kangaroo") , , , or "weird" , , , or or or or or usually before outside a morpheme "to release"before within a morpheme "snake" "Oslo"Can be pronounced in loanwords (e.g. "Islam") "sick" "Seven" usuallybefore or "ski" "cloud" "hide (something)" Silent in the word "the, that, it" and the neuter definite suffix "thick" "twenty" Silent in these words followed by : "self", "half", "twelve" and unstressed "of"
History The letter Å (HTML å) was officially introduced in Norwegian in 1917, replacing Aa or aa. The new letter came from the Swedish alphabet, where it had been in official use since the 18th century. The former digraph Aa still occurs in personal names. Geographical names tend to follow the current orthography, meaning that the letter å will be used. Family names may not follow modern orthography, and as such retain the digraph aa where å would be used today. Aa remains in use as a transliteration, if the letter is not available for technical reasons. Aa is treated like Å in alphabetical sorting, not like two adjacent letters A, meaning that while a is the first letter of the alphabet, aa is the last. This rule does not apply to non-Scandinavian names, so a modern atlas would list the German city of Aachen under A but list the Danish city of Aabenraa under Å.
A difference between the Dano-Norwegian and the Swedish alphabet is that Swedish uses the variant Ä instead of Æ, and the variant Ö instead of Ø (like German). Also, the collating order for these three letters is different: Å, Ä, Ö.
Computing standards
In computing, several different coding standards have existed for this alphabet: IBM PC code page 865 ISO 8859-1 NS 4551-1, later established in international standard ISO 646 Unicode
See also Norwegian phonology Norwegian language conflict Danish phonology Futhark, the Germanic runes used formerly Icelandic orthography Latin spelling alphabets Swedish alphabet
References
External links Rettskriving og grammatikk - Språkrådet (in Norwegian) Type Norwegian characters online