Bihar is a state situated in Eastern India. It is neighbored by West Bengal to the east, Uttar Pradesh to the west, Jharkhand to the south and Nepal to the north.

History

Magadha, Anga and Vajjika League of Mithila, c. 600 BCE.

Bengal Presidency Before 1905, Bihar was a part of British East India Company's Bengal Presidency. In 1905 the Bengal Presidency was divided and created two new provinces: East Bengal and West Bengal. Until then Bihar was part of West Bengal. Again West Bengal and East Bengal reunited in 1911 but the people of Bihar and Orrisa demanded a separate province based on language rather than religion. In 1912 Bihar and Orissa Province was created separating from Bengal Presidency. In 1936, Bihar and Orrisa Province divided into two new provinces: Bihar Province and Orissa Province.

Bihar and Orissa Province Following Divisions were included in Bihar and Orissa Province when it separated from Bengal Presidency in 1912:

Bhagalpur Division (districts of Bhagalpur, Munger (Monghyr), Purnea and the Santhal Parganas) Patna Division (Gaya, Patna and Shahabad) Tirhut Division (Champaran, Darbhanga, Muaffarpur and Saran) Chota Nagpur Division (Hazaribagh, Manbhum, Palamau, Ranchi and Singhbhum) Orissa Division (Angul, Balasore, Cuttack, Puri and Sambatpur)

On 1 April 1936 Bihar and Orissa Province was divided into two new provinces: Bihar Province and Orissa Province

Bihar Province In 1936, Bihar became a separate province including part of Jharkhand.

After the independence of India in 1951, Bihar including Jharkhand had 18 divisions, and had 55 districts in 1991.

Bihar In 2000, Bihar again divided into two states: the current Bihar and Jharkhand. In 2001 Bihar had a total of 38 districts.

Administrative structure

Structure + Administrative divisions Divisions 9 Districts 38 Subdivisions 101 Cities and towns 261 Blocks 534 Villages 45,103 Panchayats 8,058 Police Districts 43 Police Stations 1064

Divisions and Districts

There are 38 districts in Bihar, grouped into 9 divisions —Patna, Tirhut, Saran, Darbhanga, Kosi, Purnia, Bhagalpur, Munger and Magadh —are as listed below.

Sub-divisions

Sub-divisions (Anumandal) in Bihar are like sub-districts. There are 101 subdivisions in Bihar.

Blocks The Indian state of Bihar is divided into 534 CD Block called blocks.

List of Blocks in Bihar District Block Gaya Gurua Gaya Konch Gaya Manpur Gaya Paraiya Gaya BankeBazar Gaya Imamganj Gaya Dumariya Gaya Barachatti Gaya wazirganj Gaya Sherghati Gaya Tekari

District Block Nawada Akbarpur Nawada Govindpur Nawada Hisua Nawada Kashichak Nawada Kawakol Nawada Meskaur Nawada Nardiganj Nawada Narhat Nawada Nawada Nawada Pakribarawan Nawada RajauliNawadaRohNawadaSirdalaNawadaWarisaliganj District Block Bhagalpur Bihpur Bhagalpur Gopalpur Bhagalpur Naugachhia Bhagalpur Ismailpur Bhagalpur Rangrachowk Bhagalpur Narayanpur Bhagalpur Sabour Bhagalpur Sanhaula Bhagalpur Goradih Bhagalpur Kharik

District Block Siwan Andar Siwan Barharia Siwan Basantpur Siwan Bhagwanpur Hat Siwan Darauli Siwan Daraundha Siwan Goriakothi Siwan Guthani Siwan Hasanpura Siwan Hussainganj, Siwan Siwan Lakri Nabiganj Siwan Maharajganj Siwan Mairwa Siwan Nautan Siwan Panchrukhi Siwan Raghunathpur, Siwan Siwan Siswan Siwan Siwan Siwan Ziradei District Block Vaishali Bhagwanpur Vaishali Bidupur Vaishali Chehrakala Vaishali Desari Vaishali Goraul Vaishali Hajipur Vaishali Jandaha Vaishali Lalganj Vaishali Mahnar Vaishali Mahua Vaishali Patedhi Belsar Vaishali Patepur Vaishali Raghopur, Vaishali Vaishali Rajapakar Vaishali Sahdei Buzurg Vaishali Vaishali

+DistrictBlockMadhepuraAlamnagarMadhepuraBihariganjMadhepuraChousaMadhepuraGamhariyaMadhepuraGhelardhMadhepuraGwalparaMadhepuraKumarkhandMadhepuraMadhepuraMadhepuraMurliganjMadhepuraPurainiMadhepuraShankarpurMadhepuraSingheshwarMadhepuraUdakishunganj

Urban Local Government

Municipal Bodies As per Census 2011, Bihar is the second least urbanised state in the country, with a rate of urbanisation of 11.3%, as compared to the national rate of 31.16%. The state has 139 StatutoryTowns and 60 Census Towns.

For the administration of the urban areas, Bihar has 264 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) consisting of 19 municipal corporations, 89 nagar parishads (city councils), and 156 nagar panchayats (town councils). Bihar has one municipal act to establish and govern all municipalities in the state: Bihar Municipal Act, 2007.

As per a 2017 report by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Bihar carry out 12 out of 18 functions, and the remaining 6 are carried out by Bihar state government departments. The Fifth Bihar State Finance Commission report states that the ULB funds are ‘grossly inadequate for their assigned functions, they are unable to utilize even that’.

The Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 creates the following categories of urban areas based on their population. All three types of urban areas must have at least 75% of their population engaged in non-agricultural work. Types of Urban Areas according to the Bihar Municipal Act, 2007TypePopulation CriteriaType of Local BodyCityLarger urban area: 2 lakh or moreMunicipal CorporationTownMedium urban area: 40 thousand or more but less than 2 lakhMunicipal CouncilSmall Town or Transitional Area12 thousand and more

but less than 40 thousandNagar Panchayat Further, depending on the population size, the Act prescribes the minimum and maximum number of councillors/wards allowed within each type of local government. Minimum and Maximum number of Councillors/Wards Allowed according to the Bihar Municipal Act, 2007Population RangeMinimumIncremental NumberMaximumMunicipal CorporationsAbove 10 lakh67One additional Councillor for every 75,000 above 10

lakh 75Above 5 lakh up to 10 lakh 57One additional Councillor for every 50,000 above 5

lakh67Above 2 lakh up to 5 lakh 45One additional Councillor for every 25,000 above 2

lakh 57Municipal CouncilClass 'A' Municipal Council 42One additional Councillor for every 15,000 above

1,50,00045Class 'B' Municipal Council 37One additional Councillor for every 10,000 above 1

lakh42Class 'C' Municipal Council 25One additional Councillor for every 5,000 above

40, 00037Nagar Panchayat Nagar Panchayat 10One additional Member for every 2,000 above 12,000 25 The Act mentions the following key positions as well as committees for ULBs: Elected Officials Administrative Officials CommitteesCouncillor, Chief Councillor, Deputy Chief CouncillorMunicipal Commissioner, Controller of Municipal Finances and Accounts, Municipal Internal Auditor, Chief Municipal Engineer, Municipal Architect and Town Planner, Chief Municipal Health Officer, Municipal Law Officer, Municipal Secretary, three Additional Municipal commissioners

Such number of Joint Municipal Commissioners or Deputy Municipal Commissioners or Deputy Chief Municipal Engineers as the Empowered Standing Committee may, from time to time, determine,Empowered Standing Committee, Joint Committee, Municipal Accounts Committee, Subject Committee, Ward Committee, Wards Committee

Ward Committees Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 mandates the establishment of Ward Committees through the Bihar Urban Local Body (Community Participation) Rules, 2013. Section 31 of the Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 mandates the establishment of Ward Committees for each ward of a municipality. The ward level elected councillor would be the chairperson of their respective Ward Committee. Up to 10 representatives from the civil society belonging to the ward would be nominated into the committee by the ULB.

Even though the creation of ward committees is mandated in municipalities, they have not been formed in Bihar.

Government

Like other states in India, the head of state of Bihar is the Governor, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the central government. His or her post is largely ceremonial. The Chief Minister is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. Patna is the capital of Bihar.

The Patna High Court, located in Patna, has jurisdiction over the whole state. The present legislative structure of Bihar is bicameral. The Legislative houses are the Bihar Vidhan Sabha (Bihar Legislative Assembly) and Bihar Vidhan Parishad (Bihar Legislative Council). Their normal term is five years, unless dissolved earlier.

Legislature

Bihar is one of the six states where bicameral legislature exists. Other states are Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The Vidhan Parishad serves as the upper house and Vidhan Sabha serves as the lower house of a bicameral legislature. The current strength of the Bihar Vidhan Parishad is 75 (63 Elected + 12 Nominated) is a permanent body. The current strength of the Bihar Vidhan Sabha is 243 and is not a permanent body which means it is subject to dissolution.

Judiciary

High court

The Patna High Court () is the High Court of the state of Bihar and was established on 9 February 1916 and later affiliated under the Government of India Act 1915. The Patna High Court is the principle civil courts in Bihar. However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of pecuniary, territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated especially in a state or federal law. The Patna High Court has 53 Judges which includes 40 permanent and 13 additional judges.

City Courts

See also Administration in India Government of Bihar Divisions of Bihar Districts in Bihar

References

External links Official government website