An degree is an academic degree awarded by one university or college to an alumnus of another, in a process commonly known as incorporation. The recipient of the degree is often a faculty member at the institution which awards the degree, e.g. at the University of Cambridge, where incorporation is expressly limited to a person who "has been admitted to a University office or a Headship or a Fellowship (other than an Honorary Fellowship) of a College, or holds a post in the University Press ... or is a Head-elect or designate of a College".Ordinances of the University of Cambridge, Chapter II, Section 8. Incorporation.

An degree is not an earned degree.

History In the later Middle Ages it was common, when a graduate from one university moved into the neighborhood of another, for the new university to admit the graduate as a courtesy, "at the same degree" (in Latin, ). Thus if someone was a Bachelor of Arts in the university that they had attended, they would likewise be a bachelor of arts of their new university. Not every college extended this courtesy to all other colleges, however.

The practice of incorporation diminished in the early 19th century, but it continues at the University of Oxford,University of Oxford, Council Regulations 22 of 2002 , sec. 1.7-1.18. the University of Cambridge, and Trinity College Dublin.The 2010 Consolidated Statutes of Trinity College Dublin and of the University of Dublin , Division - University, sec. 3.(4)(a), p. 157.

Australia At the University of Sydney, members of the academic staff and general staff who do not hold a degree from the university, "and who have completed a minimum of ten years’ service prior to their retirement may be considered by Senate, on their retirement, for admission ad eundem gradum to an appropriate degree of the university."Degrees conferred ad eundem gradum, The University of Sydney, 2007

Requests for degrees also occurred at Adelaide University in the 1880s.

Ireland A number of female students at Oxford and Cambridge were awarded ad eundem University of Dublin degrees at Trinity College Dublin, between 1904 and 1907, at a time when their own universities refused to confer degrees upon women and were nicknamed the "steamboat ladies".

Today, graduates of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are eligible to apply for corresponding degrees of Trinity College Dublin, and vice versa, provided that they wish to register for a degree at Trinity College or are members of the academic staff, and pay the required fee.

South Africa

Rhodes University in South Africa uses the term to give a student status to undertake a research higher degree based on experience, as opposed to an explicit qualification.Higher Degrees Guide , Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 2010 In this case the student does not acquire a qualification, but is exempt from an entry requirement.

United Kingdom

At the University of Oxford, incorporation first appeared in the University Statutes in 1516, although the practice itself is older: in the 15th and early 16th centuries, incorporation was granted to members of universities from all over Europe. In 1861, incorporation was restricted to members of Cambridge University and Trinity College, Dublin. In 1908, incorporation was further restricted to specific degrees from these universities.Oxford University Archives, A History of Incorporation at Oxford. While not an earned degree, both original degree(s) and incorporated ad eundem degree(s) are given in post-nominals listed in the Oxford University Calendar.

After the foundation of the University of Durham in 1832, Durham made attempts to have its degrees recognised in the ad eundem system, introducing the first external examiner system, with all examinations co-marked by an Oxford academic, to assure the other universities that it was maintaining comparable standards. These attempts were rebuffed by the other universities, and eventually abandoned by Durham. Still, Durham granted graduates from other universities degrees ad eundem until the practice was abolished by the adoption of new university statutes in 1909.

United States

Original use In the United States, the Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts as a regularly awarded academic qualification from graduates of other colleges and universities generally dates from the colonial period, and was awarded at the institutions listed below. +InstitutionFirst DocumentedMost Recently DocumentedHarvard UniversityCommon in the 1700s. Ad eundem degrees were not specifically recorded as such at Harvard until the period after 1750.1830Yale University17051879Columbia University17671770Princeton University17631884University of PennsylvaniaWilliams College1795

Contemporary use Three universities in the United States refer to the honorary MA degrees awarded to professors at various stages of their careers as ad eundem degrees. +InstitutionMA awarded at what stageFirst documentedMost recentBrown UniversityAssociate Professor19452026Lawrence UniversityRetirement19342022Wesleyan UniversityProfessor18942021

Upon being awarded tenure

At Brown, ad eundem degrees are awarded to those faculty who are granted tenure and the rank of associate professor, usually after approximately eight years of service to the university as an assistant professor or for a shorter amount of time for a professor with prior service at another university. The degrees have normally been awarded as a part of the annual May commencement ceremony.

Upon being promoted to full professor At Wesleyan, ad eundem degrees are conferred upon those who rise to the rank of full professor. However, those professors who already earned a bachelor's degree from Wesleyan by attending as an undergraduate are not presented with a second degree.

Upon retirement At Lawrence, ad eundem degrees are conferred upon professors at their retirement. This first occurred in 1934, when college president Henry Merritt Wriston, earlier a professor at Wesleyan University and later president at Brown University, instituted a retirement age for professors of 65 years old. The ad eundem degrees were meant to "soften the blow" for the three faculty forced to retire.

See also Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)

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