Crepidula, commonly known as the slipper snails, slipper limpets, or slipper shells, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae. This family includes the slipper snails (Crepidula), hat snails (Calyptraea), spiny slipper snails (Bostrycapulus), and cup-and-saucer snails (Crucibulum) as well as Crepipatella, Siphopatella, Grandicrepidula, and Maoricrypta.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). Crepidula Lamarck, 1799. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137722 on 2011-05-21
These recent changes in the definition of Crepidula are based on both DNA sequence data as well as anatomical work. Dissections of various calyptraeids show that species that are now placed in Grandicrepidula and Maoricrypta are anatomically very different from the true Crepidula. If only the shells are examined, this difference is not apparent. This distinction is supported by DNA sequence data from three genes (COI, 16S and 28S).Collin, Rachel. 2003. The Utility of Morphological Characters in Gastropod Phylogenetics: An Example From the Calyptraeidae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4: 541–593
The genus Crepidula is probably the best studied group within the calyptraeids. A variety of species are commonly used in developmental, ecological, and behavioral research.Henry, Jonathan J.; Collin, Rachel; Perry, Kimberly J.. 2010. The Slipper Snail, Crepidula: An emerging Lophotrochozoan model system. Biological Bulletin, 218(3): 211-229. They have been the major focus of research on protandrous sex-change in marine invertebrates, and have been used to demonstrate that sex change is environmentally mediated (the timing of sex change depends on association with other individual snails).Mérot, Claire; Collin, Rachel. 2012. Effects of food availability on sex change in two species of Crepidula (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 449: 173-181.Collin, Rachel; McLellan, Michelle; Gruber, Karl F.; Bailey-Jourdain, Catherine. 2005. Effects of Conspecific Associations on Size at Sex Change in Three Species of Calyptraeid Gastropods. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1: 89-97.Collin, Rachel. 1995. Sex, size, and position: a test of models predicting size at sex change in the protandrous gastropod crepidula fornicata. The American Naturalist, 146(6): 815-831. Crepidula fornicata and Crepidula onyx are well-studied examples of invasive, exotic species in marine habitats.Coe, Wesley R. 1948. Nutrition and sexuality in protandric gastropods of the genus Crepidula. Biol. Bul. 94(3): 158-160.Hendler, G. and D. R. Franz. 1971. Population dynamics and life history of Crepidula convexa Say (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) in Delaware Bay. Biol. Bul. 141: 514-526.
Due to their simple shells and plastic morphology, calyptraeid taxonomy is challenging. In many cases distinct species with similar-looking shells have been lumped into a single species with either global or unusual distributions. In these cases, close examination of the mode of development or of DNA data is vital to verify the species identity. Because such taxonomic lumping is difficult to clear from the internet or from the literature, many species range estimates available on the internet include dubious data or data from species that have been taken out of synonymy.
Species
Species within the genus Crepidula include: Crepidula at ITISRoss, Landon T. (1965). "The genus Crepidula in North America: its taxonomy, phylogeny, and distribution. unpublished Florida State Univ. thesis". Retrieved on May 2009. Crepidula at Discover Life
Crepidula adunca G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 Crepidula aeola Dall, 1927Rosenberg, G. (2010). Crepidula aeola Dall, 1927. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532681 on 2011-01-11 Crepidula aplysioides Reeve, 1859Rosenberg, G. (2010). Crepidula aplysioides Reeve, 1859. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532682 on 2011-01-11 Crepidula arenata Broderip, 1834 Crepidula argentina Simone, Pastorino & Penchaszadeh, 2000Rosenberg, G. (2010). Crepidula argentina Simone, Pastorino & Penchaszadeh, 2000. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532683 on 2011-01-11 Crepidula atrasolea Collin, 2000WoRMS (2010). Crepidula atrasolea Collin, 2000. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419702 on 2011-01-11 Crepidula badisparsa Collin, 2005 Crepidula cachimilla Cledon, Simone & Penchaszadeh, 2004WoRMS (2010). Crepidula cachimilla Cledon, Simone & Penchaszadeh, 2004. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=388656 on 2011-01-11 Crepidula carioca Simone, 2006WoRMS (2010). Crepidula carioca Simone, 2006. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389784 on 2011-01-11 Crepidula cerithicola (C.B.Adams, 1852) Crepidula complanata Krauss, 1848 Crepidula convexa Say, 1822Rosenberg, G. (2010). Crepidula convexa Say, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=160228 on 2011-01-11 - synonym: Crepidula glauca Crepidula coquimbensis Brown & Olivares, 1996Bouchet, P. (2010). Crepidula coquimbensis Brown & Olivares, 1996. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=510048 on 2011-01-11 Crepidula cymbaeformis Conrad, 1844Rosenberg, G. (2010). Crepidula cymbaeformis Conrad, 1844. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532684 on 2011-01-11 Crepidula depressa Say, 1822WoRMS (2010). Crepidula depressa Say, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419703 on 2011-01-11 Crepidula derjugini Golikov & Kussakin, 1962 Crepidula excavata Broderip, 1834 Crepidula fimbriata Reeve, 1859 Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus, 1758)Gofas, S. (2010). Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138963 on 2011-01-11 - common slipper shell, common Atlantic slippersnail, boat shell, quarterdeck shell Crepidula glottidiarum Dall, 1905 Crepidula goreensis Gmelin, 1791 Crepidula huertae Collin, 2019 Crepidula incurva (Broderip, 1834) Crepidula intratesta Simone, 2006WoRMS (2010). Crepidula intratesta Simone, 2006. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389785 on 2011-01-12 Crepidula lessonii (Broderip, 1834) Crepidula maculosa Conrad, 1846WoRMS (2010). Crepidula maculosa Conrad, 1846. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419704 on 2011-01-12 Crepidula margarita Simone, 2006WoRMS (2010). Crepidula margarita Simone, 2006. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389786 on 2011-01-12 Crepidula marginalis Broderip, 1834 Crepidula moulinsii Michaud, 1829Gofas, S. (2010). Crepidula moulinsii Michaud, 1829. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=180993 on 2011-01-12 Crepidula naticarum Williamson, 1905 Crepidula navicella (Lesson, 1831) Crepidula navicula (Mörch, 1877)Rosenberg, G. (2010). Crepidula navicula (Mörch, 1877). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532685 on 2011-01-12 Crepidula nivea C.B. Adams, 1852 Crepidula norrisiarum Williamson, 1905 Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846 Crepidula onyx G. B. Sowerby I, 1824WoRMS (2010). Crepidula onyx G. B. Sowerby I, 1824. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=397063 on 2011-01-12 - onyx slippersnail Crepidula perforans Valenciennes, 1846 Crepidula philippiana Gallardo, 1977 Crepidula plana Say, 1822Rosenberg, G. (2010). Crepidula plana Say, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=160230 on 2011-01-12 Crepidula porcellana (Linnaeus, 1758)Gofas, S. (2010). Crepidula porcellana (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138965 on 2011-01-12 Crepidula protea (d'Orbigny, 1841)Rosenberg, G. (2010). Crepidula protea (d'Orbigny, 1841). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532686 on 2011-01-12 Crepidula pyguaia Simone, 2006WoRMS (2010). Crepidula pyguaia Simone, 2006. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389787 on 2011-01-12 Crepidula rostrata C. B. Adams, 1852 Crepidula striolata Menke, 1851 Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Gofas, S. (2010). Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138966 on 2011-01-12 Crepidula ustulatulina Collin, 2002WoRMS (2010). Crepidula ustulatulina Collin, 2002. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=387736 on 2011-01-12 Crepidula williamsi Coe, 1947 Crepidula wolfae Collin, 2019
Species brought into synonymy Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus (Gmelin, 1791) Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791): sensu Zenetos et al. 2004: synonym of Bostrycapulus odites Collin, 2005 Crepidula acuta H. C. Lea, 1842: synonym of Crepidula convexa Say, 1822 Crepidula adspersa Dunker, 1846: synonym of Crepidula porcellana Lamarck, 1801 Crepidula bilobata Reeve, 1859: synonym of Crepidula lingulata Gould, 1846: synonym of Crepipatella lingulata (Gould, 1846) Crepidula calceolina Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822 Crepidula californica Tryon, 1886: synonym of Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus (Gmelin, 1791) Crepidula calyptraeiformis Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Bostrycapulus calyptraeiformis (Deshayes, 1830) Crepidula candida Risso, 1826: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822 Crepidula capensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1835: synonym of Crepipatella capensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) Crepidula cataldi Parenzan, 1970: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822 Crepidula coei Berry, 1950: synonym of Crepidula naticarum Williamson, 1905 Crepidula contorta Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of Maoricrypta monoxyla (Lesson, 1830) Crepidula costata G. B. Sowerby I, 1824: synonym of Maoricrypta costata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824) Crepidula costata Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Maoricrypta costata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824)