The 311th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Strategic Air Command at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, where it was inactivated on 1 November 1949. The division was first activated in 1944 as the 311th Photographic Wing. Although it was stationed in the United States, throughout its existence, the unit was responsible for the control of long range reconnaissance units in multiple theaters.
History
The 311th first came into existence in February 1944 as the 311th Photographic Wing at Bolling Field in Washington, DC and was assigned to nearby Headquarters, Army Air Forces. Initially, the wing acted as a task force headquarters with no permanently assigned units. In March, the 1st Photographic Group at Peterson Field, Colorado and the 11th Photographic Group at MacDill Field, Florida, were assigned to the wing. These two groups had squadrons performing mapping and charting functions in the US and in overseas theaters.Maurer, Combat Units, p. 24Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 54-55 In October 1944, the two groups were disbanded, and their squadrons were assigned directly to the 311th Wing.
The flying squadrons transferred to the wing were the 1st, 2d, 4th and 19th Photographic Charting Squadrons; the 6th and 16th Photographic Squadrons and the 91st Photographic Mapping Squadron. Little more than a month later, the wing moved to Buckley Field, Colorado, which had become the home of the 1st Group in July. However, the wing served as an administrative headquarters for its mapping and charting units, with operational control resting with other headquarters.
The 1st Photographic Charting Squadron was soon reassigned to Second Air Force and began to train with the Boeing F-13 Superfortress. Although it returned to the wing in 1945, it was then stationed in Okinawa and under the operational control of other headquarters.Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 8-9
Although it remained assigned to the wing until 1947, the 2d Photographic Charting Squadron was already in the process of deploying to the Southwest Pacific Theater when it was assigned in 1944, and was detached to Far East Air Forces the entire time it was assigned to the wing.Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 16-17
The 4th Photographic Charting Squadron also deployed to the Southwest Pacific and was attached to headquarters there until it was inactivated in April 1946.Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 29-30
The 19th Photographic Charting Squadron headquarters remained in the United States. However, its air echelon was located in Egypt until January 1945. In May 1945, the squadron's air echelon moved to Accra, Gold Coast (now Ghana) to begin mapping Africa with its Boeing F-9 Flying Fortresses. The air echelon moved to Europe and was joined by the remainder of the squadron in June 1945, engaging in mapping activities in Europe under the control of Ninth Air Force until inactivating in December 1945.Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 103-104
Like the 19th Squadron, the headquarters of the 91st Photographic Mapping Squadron remained in the United States. However, the squadron's flights were involved with mapping operations in South America and it maintained flights in Talara, Peru until 1944, then at Atkinson Field, Trinidad, Howard Field, Panama and Natal, Brazil. In August 1946, the squadron moved to Panama and was assigned to Caribbean Air Command.Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 307-309
The 6th Photographic Squadron, which was a photographic compilation unit located at Jefferson Barracks, and the 16th Photographic Squadron remained in the United States under the wing's control.Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 49-41Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 90
In July 1945, the wing and its mapping squadrons replaced "Photographic" in their names with "Reconnaissance", reflecting the fact that its deployed units performed reconnaissance missions for overseas headquarters in addition to the mapping and charting missions they were deployed to perform. The Army Air Forces had formed Continental Air Forces in December 1944 as an intermediate headquarters for its four Numbered Air Forces and I Troop Carrier Command, which had been assigned directly to Headquarters, Army Air Forces. In December 1945, the wing was also assigned to Continental Air Forces.
Following the end of World War II, The Army Air Forces reorganized its combat forces into Strategic, Tactical and Air Defense Commands in the spring of 1946. The 311th Reconnaissance Wing became part of Strategic Air Command (SAC) in this realignment. The wing and the units still assigned to it moved to MacDill Field, Florida in April 1946. MacDill had been a training base for reconnaissance units, and the 89th Reconnaissance Training Wing had been inactivated there earlier in the month.
Post war operations
Upon this reorganization, the wing became SAC's primary reconnaissance organization.Mixer, Strategic Air Command Genealogy ; Mixer, Strategic Air Command Organizational History Although postwar reductions had resulted in the inactivation or reassignment of a number of the wing's original squadrons, the wing briefly assumed responsibility for the Army Air Forces' weather reconnaissance units. This began with the transfer of the 1st and 3d Weather Reconnaissance Squadrons at Grenier Field in February 1945.Markus, et al., p. 140 The 1st was inactivated in late 1945, but at that time the wing added the 54th and 55th Reconnaissance Squadrons, Very Long Range, Weather on Guam from Twentieth Air Force and the 59th Reconnaissance Squadron, Long Range, Weather from Third Air Force.Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 697Markus, et al., p. 148 By March 1946, however, it was decided to assign responsibility for weather reconnaissance to Air Weather Service and these units were transferred to it.
Two former B-29 bombardment squadrons assigned to SAC bombardment groups, the 6th and 10th Reconnaissance Squadrons, were transferred to the wing in March 1946, but both were inactivated at the end of the month.Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 759Mauer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 704-705
In 1947, the wing was assigned groups for the first time since the 1st and 11th Groups were disbanded in 1944. In February, the 55th Reconnaissance Group was activated at MacDill and assigned to the wing.Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 117-118 In October, the 91st Reconnaissance Group, which had been recently activated at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey was also assigned.Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 156-158 The 55th Group focused on mapping operations, particularly for SHORAN and HIRAN navigation systems.Ravenstain, pp. 88-90
From wing to division In 1947, the Air Force began to experiment with the wing base reorganization, which assigned operational groups and support organizations on individual bases to a single wing headquarters. In 1948, this reorganization was made permanentRavenstein, Explanatory Notes, p. 10 and wings like the 311th, which had groups at multiple bases became divisions. The wing became the 311th Air Division and its 55th and 91st Groups now reported to the new 55th and 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wings.Ravenstein, pp. 88, 126
The division's mission was to develop, test, and improve the equipment, tactics and techniques of strategic reconnaissance; to train replacement aircrews for SAC and overseas commands. It produced target charts, maps and related materials for SAC. As the headquarters for Aeronautical Charting Service, it was responsible for targeting charts and maps, in particular for SAC.
Through April 1948, the bulk of the division's assets were involved with Operation Sandstone, nuclear weapons tests at Eniwetok Atoll. The division and the 55th Group moved from MacDill to Topeka Air Force Base, which had been reopened to receive them in July 1948. During the Berlin Airlift, elements of the division produced documentary coverage of airlift operations in Berlin.
The May 1949 Air Force Reserve program called for a new type of unit, the Corollary unit, which was a reserve unit integrated with an active duty unit. It was viewed as the best method to train reservists by mixing them with an existing regular unit to perform duties alongside the regular unit.Cantwell, p. 73 In June 1949, the division added the responsibility to train reservists to its mission, when the 66th Strategic Reconnaissance Group, was activated at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey and assigned to the division as a corollary unit of the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing.Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 132-133
Despite adding two new wings in 1949, the 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, and the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Fairfield-Suisun Air Force Base, California, the wing was impacted by President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget which required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force.Knaack, p. 25 Forbes Air Force Base (the new name for Topeka Air Force Base) was scheduled to close and the 55th Wing there was to inactivate. Mountain Home Air Force Base was also on the closure list and the 5th Wing was scheduled to merge its operations with the 9th Wing at Fairfield-Suisun.Ravenstein, pp. 152-153 McGuire was transferred to Continental Air Command, and the 91st Wing moved to Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana on 1 October.Ravenstein, p. 264-265 In late October the division joined the 91st at Barksdale, where it inactivated on 1 November 1949, while its personnel and equipment were transferred to Second Air Force, which was simultaneously activated.
Lineage Established as the 311th Photographic Wing, Mapping and Charting on 31 January 1944 Activated on 1 February 1944 Redesignated 311th Reconnaissance Wing on 30 July 1945 Redesignated 311th Air Division, Reconnaissance on 16 April 1948 Redesignated 311th Air Division on 5 January 1949 Inactivated on 1 November 1949
Assignments United States Army Air Forces, 1 February 1944 Continental Air Forces (later Strategic Air Command), 13 December 1945 Fifteenth Air Force, 11 May 1946 Strategic Air Command, 31 March 1947 – 1 November 1949.
Components Service Aeronautical Charting Service (see 36th AAF Base Unit)
Wings 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing: 16 July–1 November 1949 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing: 1 May–1 November 1949 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing: 19 July 1948 – 14 October 1949 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing: 10 November 1948 – 1 November 1949
Groups 1st Photographic Group: 5 March–5 October 1944 5th Reconnaissance Group: 26 May–16 July 1949 11th Photographic Group: 5 March–5 October 1944 55th Reconnaissance Group: 24 February 1947 – 19 July 1948 66th Strategic Reconnaissance Group: 27 June–1 November 1949 91st Reconnaissance Group: 1 October 1947 – 10 November 1948 4205th Air Base Group: 12 December 1948 – 16 July 1949See Mueller, p. 431Components in 311th Air Division Factsheet, except as otherwise noted.
Squadrons 1st Photographic Charting Squadron (later 1st Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron; 1st Reconnaissance Squadron): 5 October–10 November 1944; 4 October 1945 – 3 February 1947 (attached to Eighth Air Force to 10 December 1945, VII Bomber Command to March 1946, Eighth Air Force to 7 June 1946, 1st Air Division) 1st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron: 10 October 1948 – 1 June 1949 (attached to 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, 10–26 Oct 1948, 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Group, 27 October 1948 – 1 June 1949) 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron: 9 Feb – 21 December 1945 2d Photographic Technical Squadron: 14 April 1946 – 19 August 1946 2d Photographic Charting Squadron(later 2d Reconnaissance Squadron): 5 October 1944 – 31 March 1946 (attached to Far East Air Forces after c. 20 October 1944) 3d Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (later 3d Reconnaissance Squadron; 53d Reconnaissance Squadron): c. 15 February 1945 – 13 March 1946