Founders of statistics

Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn. Statisticians are skilled people who thus apply statistical methods. Hundreds of statisticians are notable. This article lists statisticians who have been especially instrumental in the development of theoretical and applied statistics.

Name Nationality Birth Death Contribution References Al-Kindi Abbasid Caliphate 801 873 Developed the first code breaking algorithm based on frequency analysis. He wrote a book entitled "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", containing detailed discussions on statistics Graunt, John English 1620 1674 Pioneer of demography who produced the first life table Willcox, Walter (1938) The Founder of Statistics. Review of the International Statistical Institute 5(4):321–328. Bayes, Thomas English 1702 1761 Developed the interpretation of probability now known as Bayesian probability Laplace, Pierre-Simon French 1749 1827 Co-invented Bayesian statistics. Invented exponential families (Laplace transform), conjugate prior distributions, asymptotic analysis of estimators (including negligibility of regular priors). Used maximum-likelihood and posterior-mode estimation and considered (robust) loss functions Playfair, William Scottish 1759 1823 Pioneer of statistical graphics Carl Friedrich Gauss German 1777 1855 Invented least squares estimation methods (with Legendre). Used loss functions and maximum-likelihood estimation Quetelet, Adolphe Belgian 1796 1874 Pioneered the use of probability and statistics in the social sciences Nightingale, Florence English 1820 1910 Applied statistical analysis to health problems, contributing to the establishment of epidemiology and public health practice. Developed statistical graphics especially for mobilizing public opinion. First female member of the Royal Statistical Society. Galton, Francis English 1822 1911 Invented the concepts of standard deviation, correlation, regression Thiele, Thorvald N. Danish 1838 1910 Introduced cumulants and the term "likelihood". Introduced a Kalman filter in time-series Peirce, Charles Sanders American 1839 1914 Formulated modern statistics in "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (1877–1878) and "A Theory of Probable Inference" (1883). With a repeated measures design, introduced blinded, controlled randomized experiments (before Fisher). Invented optimal design for experiments on gravity, in which he "corrected the means". He used correlation, smoothing, and improved the treatment of outliers. Introduced terms "confidence" and "likelihood" (before Neyman and Fisher). While largely a frequentist, Peirce's possible world semantics introduced the "propensity" theory of probability. See the historical books of Stephen Stigler Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro Irish 1845 1926 Revived exponential families (Laplace transforms) in statistics. Extended Laplace's (asymptotic) theory of maximum-likelihood estimation. Introduced basic results on information, which were extended and popularized by R. A. Fisher Pearson, Karl English 1857 1936 Numerous innovations, including the development of the Pearson chi-squared test and the Pearson correlation. Founded the Biometrical Society and Biometrika, the first journal of mathematical statistics and biometry Spearman, Charles English 1863 1945 Extended the Pearson correlation coefficient to the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient Gosset, William Sealy (known as "Student") English 1876 1937 Discovered the Student t distribution and invented the Student's t-test Anderson, Oskar Johann Viktor (also known as Anderson, Oskar Nikolaevich) Russian, Bulgarian, German 1887 1960 A leading representative of the so-called Continental School of statistics. Invented the variate difference method for analyzing time series at the same time but independently from Gosset. A pioneer of random sampling in demographics and of quantitative methods applied to socio-economic sciences. Fisher, Ronald English 1890 1962 Wrote the textbooks and articles that defined the academic discipline of statistics, inspiring the creation of statistics departments at universities throughout the world. Systematized previous results with informative terminology, substantially improving previous results with mathematical analysis (and claims). Developed the analysis of variance, clarified the method of maximum likelihood (without the uniform priors appearing in some previous versions), invented the concept of sufficient statistics, developed Edgeworth's use of exponential families and information, introducing observed Fisher information, and many theoretical concepts and practical methods, particularly for the design of experiments Bonferroni, Carlo Emilio Italian 1892 1960 Invented the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons Wilcoxon, Frank Irish-American 1892 1965 Invented two statistical tests: Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test Neyman, Jerzy Polish-American 1894 1981 Discovered the confidence interval and co-developed the Neyman–Pearson lemma Deming, W. Edwards American 1900 1993 Developed methods for statistical quality control Pearson, Egon English 1895 1980 Co-developed the Neyman–Pearson lemma of statistical hypothesis testing de Finetti, Bruno Italian 1906 1985 Pioneer of the "operational subjective" conception of probability. Used this as the basis for exposition of the Bayesian method of statistical analysis. Developed the representation theorem for exchangeable random variables showing that they are the basis of the IID model in statistics. Kendall, Maurice English 1907 1983 Co-developed methods for assessing statistical randomness; invented Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient Henderson, Charles Roy American 1911 1989 Invented methods for estimating variance components in multiway factorial models with unequal subclass numbers. Invented the mixed-model equations to provide best linear unbiased estimates of fixed effects and best linear unbiased predictors of random effects in mixed models. Tukey, John American 1915 2000 Jointly popularized Fast Fourier transformation, pioneer of exploratory data analysis and graphical presentation of data, developed the jackknife for variance estimation, invented the box plot. Blackwell, David American 1919 2010 Co-developed Rao–Blackwell theorem and wrote one of the first Bayesian textbooks, Basic Statistics. Rao, Calyampudi Radhakrishna Indian 1920 2023 Co-developed Cramér–Rao bound and Rao–Blackwell theorem, invented MINQUE method of variance component estimation. Cox, David English 1924 2022 Developed the proportional hazards model for the analysis of survival data Efron, Bradley American 1938 Invented the bootstrap resampling technique for deriving an empirical distribution of an estimate of a model parameter

Founders of departments of statistics The role of a department of statistics is discussed in a 1949 article by Harold Hotelling, which helped to spur the creation of many departments of statistics. Year Country University Founder References 1911 England University College London Pearson, Karl 1918 USA Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Pearl, Raymond 1929 Sweden Lund University Sven Dag Wicksell ~1931 India Indian Statistical Institute Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis ~1931 USA Columbia University Hotelling, Harold 1931 USA University of Pennsylvania — 1933 USA Iowa State University Snedecor, George W. 1935 USA George Washington University Weida, Frank 1941 USA North Carolina State University Cox, Gertrude 1942 Sweden Uppsala University Wold, HermanHerman Wold was appointed Professor of Statistics at Uppsala University in 1942. Already, in 1928, a Swedish Doctor of Philosophy ("Filosofisk Doktorsgrad") was awarded (to P. George Winsler); in 1910, a Professor's Chair in "Statistics" was created. 1947 England University of Manchester Bartlett, M. S.This position was the second chair of mathematical statistics in the United Kingdom, but there was no formal Department of Statistics at the University of Manchester. 1947 USA Department of Biometry and Statistics, Cornell University Federer, Walter T. 1948 USA Stanford University — 1948 India University of Mumbai M. C. Chakrabarti 1949 USA University of Michigan Velz, Clarence 1949 USA University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill — 1949 USA University of Chicago — 1949 USA Virginia Tech Harshbarger, Boyd ~1950 Sweden Stockholm University — 1950 Israel Hebrew University of Jerusalem — 1953 England Cambridge University, Statistics Lab Wishart, John 1953 India University of Pune Huzurbazar, V. S. 1955 USA University of California, Berkeley Neyman, Jerzy 1957 USA Harvard University Cochran, William G.Mosteller, Frederick 1957 Australia University of Sydney Lancaster, Henry Oliver 1958 USA University of Minnesota — 1959 USA Florida State University Ralph A. Bradley 1960 USA University of Wisconsin–Madison George E. P. Box 1961 USA Colorado State University Franklin A. Graybill 1962 USA University of Florida Brandt, Alva Esmond 1962 USA Texas A&M University Hartley, Herman Otto 1963 USA Yale University Anscombe, Francis 1963 USA Purdue University — 1964 Bangladesh Institute of Statistical Research and Training Hussain, Q.M. 1965 USA Princeton University Tukey, John W. 1965 USA University of Iowa Hogg, Robert V. 1966 USA Carnegie Mellon University Morris H. DeGrootGaver Jr, Donald P. 1966 Scotland University of Glasgow Aitchison, JohnSilvey, David 1967 Canada University of Waterloo Sprott, David A. 1968 USA Pennsylvania State University Bartoo, James 1969 India Madras Christian College Gift Siromoney 1969 Hong Kong University of Hong Kong Saw Swee Hock 1970 USA Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health — 1973 USA Ohio State University Whitney, D. Ransom 1973 Germany Universität Dortmund Eicker, Friedhelm 1975IndiaAligarh Muslim UniversityS.M. Ali 1979 Canada University of Toronto Donald A. S. Fraser 1981 India Vidyasagar University Gain, Anil Kumar 1982 Hong Kong Chinese University of Hong Kong Tong, Howell 1984 India Banaras Hindu University Singh, S.N. 1985 USA University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Sacks, Jerome 1986 USA Northwestern University Meyer Dwass 1987 USA Rice University James R. Thompson 1988 England University of Oxford Hinkley, D. V. 1994 New Zealand The University of Auckland Scott, Alastair Seber, George 1996 USA University of Virginia School of Medicine Harrell, Frank E. 1997 USA University of Pittsburgh Sampson, Allan R. 1998 USA University of California, Los Angeles Jan de Leeuw

Founders of statistics

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