; ) refers to a number of influential art schools in France. The term is associated with the Beaux-Arts style in architecture and city planning that thrived in France and other countries during the late nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century.
The most famous and oldest is the in Paris, now located on the city's left bank across from the Louvre, at 14 rue Bonaparte (in the 6th arrondissement). The school has a history spanning more than 350 years, training many of the great artists and architects in Europe. Beaux-Arts style was modeled on classical "antiquities", preserving these idealized forms and passing the style on to future generations.
History The origins of the Paris school go back to 1648, when the was founded by Cardinal Mazarin to educate the most talented students in drawing, painting, sculpture, engraving, architecture and other media. Louis XIV was known to select graduates from the school to decorate the royal apartments at Versailles, and in 1863, Napoleon III granted the school independence from the government, changing the name to "". Women were admitted beginning in 1897.
The curriculum was divided into the "Academy of Painting and Sculpture" and the "Academy of Architecture". Both programs focused on classical arts and architecture from Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman culture. All students were required to prove their skills with basic drawing tasks before advancing to figure drawing and painting. This culminated in a competition for the Grand Prix de Rome, awarding a full scholarship to study in Rome. The three trials to obtain the prize lasted for nearly three months. Many of the most famous artists in Europe were trained here, including Géricault, Degas, Delacroix, Fragonard, Ingres, Moreau, Renoir, Seurat, Cassandre, and Sisley. Rodin however, applied on three occasions but was refused entry. Paul Cézanne applied twice but was turned down. Bernard was suspended for stylistic "errors".
The buildings of the school are largely the creation of French architect Félix Duban, who was commissioned for the main building in 1830. His work realigned the campus, and continued through 1861, completing an architectural program out towards the Quai Malaquais.
The Paris school is the namesake and founding location of the Beaux Arts architectural movement in the early twentieth century. Known for demanding classwork and setting the highest standards for education, the École attracted students from around the world—including the United States, where students returned to design buildings that would influence the history of architecture in America, including the Boston Public Library, 1888–1895 (McKim, Mead & White), the United States Supreme Court Building, 1932-1935 (Cass Gilbert, Cass Gilbert Jr., and John R. Rockart), and the New York Public Library, 1897–1911 (Carrère and Hastings). Architectural graduates, especially in France, are granted the title élève.
The architecture department was separated from the École after the May 1968 student strikes at the Sorbonne. The name was changed to . Today, over 500 students make use of an extensive collection of classical art coupled with modern additions to the curriculum, including photography and hypermedia.Online catalogue. "Entrée des artistes"
Institutions
ENSA École nationale des beaux arts de Dijon ENSA École nationale des beaux arts de Bourges ENSBA École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Lyon European Academy of Art (EESAB) in Lorient, Rennes, Quimper, and Brest ESADMM École supérieure d'art et de design Marseille-Méditerranée ENSA École nationale des beaux arts de Nancy (ENSBA), Paris ESAD , Valence EBABX École supérieure des beaux-arts de Bordeaux École supérieure d'art | Dunkerque - Tourcoing (Esä), Dunkirk & Tourcoing ENSA École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts à la Villa Arson, Nice
Notable instructors, Paris
Marina Abramović Pierre Alechinsky Mirra Alfassa Louis-Jules André Antoine Berjon François Boisrond Christian Boltanski Léon Bonnat Duchenne de Boulogne Jean-Marc Bustamante Alexandre Cabanel Pierre Carron César Jean-François Chevrier Claude Closky Jules Coutan Leonardo Cremonini Richard Deacon Aimé-Jules Dalou Paul Delaroche Lin Fengmian Louis Girault Fabrice Hybert François Jouffroy Victor Laloux Paul Landowski Jean-Paul Laurens Charles Le Brun Michel Marot Annette Messager Gustave Moreau Jean-Louis Pascal Auguste Perret, Emmanuel Pontremoli Charles-Caïus Renoux Paul Richer Ary Scheffer Louis Sullivan, American architect, left after one year Pan Yuliang
Notable alumni, Paris
David Adler, architect, American Wahbi al-Hariri, architect, artist, American-Syrian August Friedrich Schenck, painter, French/German Nadir Afonso, painter Mardiros Altounian, architect, Armenian Rodolfo Amoedo, painter Émile André, architect, French Paul Andreu, French architect, 1968 graduate Théodore Ballu, architect Myron G. Barlow, painter, American Frederic Charles Hirons, architect, American Edward Bennett, architect, city planner Jules Benoit-Levy, painting Étienne-Prosper Berne-Bellecour, painter Robert Bery, painter Alexander Bogen, painter Wim Boissevain, painter, Dutch-Australian Maurice Boitel, painter Pierre Bonnard, painter Jacques Borker, tapestry designer, painter, sculptor, French artist. Joseph-Félix Bouchor, painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau, painter Antoine Bourdelle, sculptor, French Louis Bourgeois, architect, French Canadian George T. Brewster, sculptor, American Bernard Buffet, painter Carlo Bugatti, designer and furniture maker, Italian John James Burnet, architect Alexandre Cabanel Duncan Candler, architect, American Paul Chalfin, painter and designer, American Jean Chaleyé, painter and lace designer, French Charles Frédéric Chassériau, architect, French Alfred Choubrac, poster artist and costume designer, French Léon Choubrac, illustrator and poster artist, French Araldo Cossutta, architect, Yugoslavian-American Suzor-Coté, painter Henri Crenier, sculptor John Walter Cross, architect, American Cyrus Dallin, sculptor, American Jacques-Louis David, painter Gabriel Davioud, architect Marie-Abraham Rosalbin de Buncey, painter, French Edgar Degas, painter, French Eugène Delacroix, painter, French Jenny Eakin Delony, painter, American Constant-Désiré Despradelle, architect, French Hanna Eshel, (1926–2023), sculptor, Israeli-American Henry d'Estienne painter, French Félix Duban, architect, French Thomas Eakins, painter, American Harold Perry Erskine, sculptor and architect, American Pierre Farel, painter, French Ernest Flagg, architect, American Jean-Honoré Fragonard, painter, French Yitzhak Frenkel, Israeli French painter, father of modern Israeli art Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, sculptor, painter, poet, American Fang Ganmin, painter, Chinese Charles Garnier, architect, French Tony Garnier, architect, French Adrien Étienne Gaudez, sculptor, French Théodore Géricault, painter, French Heydar Ghiaï-Chamlou, architect, IranianHeydar, Ghiai, designer of the Iran Senate House Georges Gimel, painter, French Charles Ginner, painter Louis Girault, architect, French Hubert de Givenchy, fashion designer André Godard, designer of University of Tehran main campus Philip L. Goodwin, designer of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Alan Gourley – painter and stained glass artist Jean Baptiste Guth, portrait artist Emmeline Halse, sculptor L. Birge Harrison, painter Thomas Hastings, architect, American Robert Henri, painter and teacher, American George W. Headley, jeweler, designer, American. Yves Hernot, Painting, photographer Auguste Alexandre Hirsch, painter, lithographer, French Frank Howell Holden, architect, American Raymond Mathewson Hood, architect, American Mary Rockwell Hook, architect, American Henry Hornbostel, architect, American Richard Morris Hunt, architect, American Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, painter, French Tove Jansson, painter and illustrator, Finnish Sadik Kaceli, painter, Albanian Mati Klarwein, painter Constantin Kluge, painter, Russian György Kornis, painter, Hungarian Gaston Lachaise, sculptor, French-American Victor Laloux, architect, French Charles Landelle, painter, French Jules Lavirotte, architect, French Paul Leroy painter, French Charles-Amable Lenoir painter, French Stanton Macdonald-Wright, painter, American Joseph Margulies, painter Albert Marquet, painter, French William Sutherland Maxwell, architect Bernard Maybeck, architect, American Annette Messager, installationist, multi-media Jean-François Millet, painter, Norman Yasuo Mizui, sculptor, Japanese Gustave Moreau, painter, French Julia Morgan, architect, American Ngo Viet Thu, architect, Vietnamese Victor Nicolas, sculptor, French Francisco Oller, painter, Puerto Rican Ong Schan Tchow (alias Yung Len Kwui), painter Pascual Ortega Portales, painter, Chilean Alphonse Osbert, painter, French J. Harleston Parker, architect, American Jean-Louis Pascal, architect André Pavlovsky, architect Albert Pennoyer, artist and soldier in the Monuments Men Georges Petetin, painter, French Albert Pissis, architect Théophile Poilpot, painter, French John Russell Pope, architect, American Anita Porchet, watch enameller, Swiss James Otis Post, architect, American Robert Poughéon, painter, French Fernand Préfontaine, architect and art critic, Canadian Edmond Jean de Pury, painter, Swiss S. H. Raza, painter, Indian Neel Reid, architect, American Pierre-Auguste Renoir, painter Arthur W. Rice, architect, American Gustave Rives, architect Cécilia Rodhe, sculptor James Gamble Rogers, architect, American Kanuty Rusiecki, painter, Polish Augustus Saint-Gaudens, sculptor, American John Singer Sargent, painter, American Bojan Šarčević, sculptor Louis-Frederic Schützenberger, painter, French Georges Seurat, painter, French Joann Sfar, designer Amrita Sher-Gil, painter, Indian Nicolas Sicard painter, French Högna Sigurðardóttir, architect, Icelandic Alfred Sisley, painter Clarence Stein, designer Yehezkel Streichman, painter Lorado Taft, sculptor Agnes Tait, painter, lithographer Vedat Tek, architect, Turkish Albert-Félix-Théophile Thomas, architect Edward Lippincott Tilton, architect, American Roland Topor, designer George Oakley Totten Jr., architect, American Edward Townsend Howes, architect and artist, American Morton Traylor, painter, American Guillaume Tronchet, architect Christos Tzivelos, Greek artist Valentino, fashion designer William Van Alen, architect Vann Molyvann, architect, Cambodian Gisèle d'Ailly van Waterschoot van der Gracht, artist, Dutch Lydia Venieri, painter, Greek Jesús Carles de Vilallonga, painter, Spanish Carlos Raúl Villanueva, architect Lucien Weissenburger, architect Yan Wenliang, painter, Chinese Norval White, architect, American Ivor Wood, animator and director, Anglo-French Alice Morgan Wright, sculptor, American Marion Sims Wyeth, architect, American Jack Youngerman, painter, American Georges Zipélius, illustrator, French Jacques Zwobada, sculptor, French of Czech origins
See also Architecture of Paris Beaux-Arts architecture Comité des Étudiants Américains de l'École des Beaux-Arts Paris Paris Salon
References
External links The Ecole des Beaux-Arts – Historical essay École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts – Official website École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts – History
fr:École des beaux-arts#France