Seán McCool (Irish: Seán Mac Cumhaill) (died 1 May 1949) was a prominent Irish Republican and a former chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army. Imprisoned on numerous occasions, both North and South of the border, he embarked on a number of hunger strikes in order to secure his release. During the 1930s, McCool was one of the few socialists to remain in the IRA after the Republican Congress's decision to split. He stood as a candidate for the Irish Republican party Clann na Poblachta before leaving them as a result of their decision to go into government with Fine Gael.
McCool was described by Peadar O'Donnell as "...deeply read but very much the IRA man". He was also prominent within the GAA in his native County Donegal and the current home ground of the Donegal GAA, MacCumhaill Park, is named in his honour.
Early IRA activity McCool, based in County Donegal, took the Republican side during the Irish Civil War. At the end of the War he was sentenced and held as a prisoner of the Free State in either Finner Camp or Drumboe Castle.
McCool was present at the 2nd Drumboe martyrs commemoration for the execution of IRA volunteers Lieut. Dan Enright, Comdt. Gen. Charlie Daly, Brig. Comdt. Sean Larkin, and Lieut. Timothy O'Sullivan in 1923.
Land annuities campaign By 1927 Peadar O'Donnell, the IRA leader, had begun a campaign to use social agitation on the issue of Land Annuities, where small farmers in the republic were being taxed to pay for land brought by the British government in the preceding century. McCool was one of O'Donnell's earliest supporters and by now was in charge of the East Donegal IRA.
In September 1926 McCool's IRA unit raided the offices of a landlord's agent in Donegal, taking away all records. On 19 February 1927 he was one of four men arrested in connection with the raid. Before the trial, the prisoners went on hunger strike for a week. McCool, and his co-accused, which included Peadar O'Donnell's younger brother Barney, received a sentence of six months imprisonment. which McCool served in Mountjoy Prison where he would have been a prisoner at the same time as Seán MacBride
Upon his release, McCool returned to IRA activity in Donegal and was the main speaker at the annual Drumboe commemoration in 1928. His period of freedom was not to last as, by May 1929, he was again arrested in Sligo and held on a 'documents' charge while engaged in land annuity agitation. He was later sentenced to eight months of imprisonment.
Rebuilding the IRA During the 1930s senior IRA officers and veterans of the Tan and Civil Wars such as McCool were sent to different areas for weeks at a time to help train local IRA recruits.
In 1931, despite not being a member of the party, Fianna Fáil members in Stranorlar, County Donegal attempted to select McCool as a candidate, without success. That same year the IRA attempted to launch its own political party, Saor Éire. McCool attended the inaugural meeting and seconded a motion sending fraternal greetings to the USSR. The success Fianna Fáil and the IRA at this time encouraged McCool, writing to fellow republican Frank Ryan in 1932 he said that the crowd (at the Drumboe march) "did one's heart good after all the black years... the youth are with us and that's everything".
McCool continued to be active on both the military and political fronts. In 1932 he joined Peadar O'Donnell, Charlotte Despard and David Fitzgerald on the governing Committee of the Workers College, a group close to the Revolutionary Workers Group which would later morph into the Communist Party of Ireland. Later that year, while still involved in training activities, an IRA unit under the command of McCool and Mick Price took over Donamon Castle in County Roscommon to set up a training camp. He also found time to address the Drumboe commemoration in his native County Donegal. McCool wrote to then IRA chief of staff Moss Twomey requesting permission to issue a statement, ahead of a planned Orange march in Donegal, denouncing imperialist displays. This plan was vetoed by Twomey and Peadar O'Donnell's appeal to the Orange Order was issued instead.
By 1933 McCool was commander of the IRA Donegal No.2 Battalion and presided over the organising of a new slua of na Fianna Éireann (IRA youth wing) in Letterkenny, County Donegal and attended a 'Release the Prisoners' meeting in Derry City. He was also selected to stand as an abstentionist Republican candidate for the Foyle Constituency in County Londonderry where he received 3,031 votes. This result, along with the votes obtained by other Republicans in Northern Ireland was hailed as significant with the IRA proclaiming 'the fight in the North has been given new life'.
The early 1930s saw increasing clashes between the IRA and the General Eoin O'Duffy's Blueshirts, At the 1934 IRA General Army Convention differences began to arise between those who thought that fighting Irish fascism in the form of the Blueshirts was the most important task for the IRA and those who believed that the Fianna Fáil government was using these clashes to turn against, and clamp down on the IRA. At the convention McCool warned against physical clashes with the Blueshirts, stating that the IRA should instead attack what they stood for.
1934 saw the IRA split, with many on the left such as McCool's longtime ally Peadar O'Donnell leaving to form the Republican Congress and being dismissed from the IRA. This split was initially amicable with each side retaining many friends within each organisation.
Despite being on the left of the IRA McCool remained loyal and did not join those who left to form the Republican Congress and again spoke at the Drumboe Commemoration in 1935.
The Crown Entry Affair 25 April 1936 saw the IRA convene a court-martial in Belfast. The venue for the court-martial was the Craobh Ruadh Club at 10 Crown Entry. Presiding over the court-martial were members of the IRA's GHQ staff and the Ulster leadership of IRA which by now included Seán McCool.
At 3:25pm, the RUC raided the club and arrested all present. Those present were charged with Treason-Felony and refused to recognise the court. McCool was sentenced to five years imprisonment which he served in Belfast's Crumlin Road Gaol. By September 1936 McCool and Jim Killeen (Adjutant General before being arrested in the Craobh Ruadh Club) were on hunger strike for political status.
Chief of Staff Upon release after serving his 5-year sentence in Belfast, McCool returned to Ireland and was quickly arrested by the Gardaí with the intention of interning him. Representations were made to the justice minister, Gerald Boland, that since McCool had only been released from prison in Belfast that he should not be interned as he had effectively not been active and there was no evidence that he was a threat. Boland, contrary to the advice of the Gardaí, ordered his release.Dáil Éireann - Volume 91 - 7 July 1943; Committee on Finance. - The Adjournment: Prisoners on Hunger Strike.
November 1941 saw the arrest of IRA chief of Staff Pearse Kelly and a hurried IRA conference was called to deal with the vacancy. Seán Harrington was appointed Chief of Staff while the newly released Seán McCool took on the role of Adjutant-General. The Dublin government had the IRA on the run for a number of years now and this was the first time in almost a year that the IRA had a functioning GHQ staff. The IRA's previous strategy, advocated by Seán Russell, of focusing its activities on England had been a failure. The new leadership turned its focus to the six north eastern Counties which remained under British jurisdiction, while attempting to curtail armed actions by the IRA in Éire which had given the Dublin government justification to clamp down on the IRA.
However, it wasn't long before Harrington was arrested and the chief of staff position was again vacant. The IRA in Éire was in disarray and the leadership was severely depleted. The Northern Command of the IRA saw this and stepped into the void, effectively assuming control of the organisation, with some justification given that the focus of the IRA was to be Northern Ireland.
GHQ had become a mere symbol. February 1942 saw Seán McCool take on the role of Chief of Staff while Belfast's Eoin McNamee became Adjutant-General. McCool, McNamee and one or two others were the sum total of the IRA leadership and GHQ staff.
The process of rebuilding the IRA was difficult. With so many arrests contacts had been lost or disappeared. McCool travelled around the country attempting the re-establish IRA units and working towards the planned Northern campaign. McCool and McNamee worked tirelessly and even attempted to renew contacts with Germany ahead of the planned campaign in Northern Ireland.
Attempts to re-establish contact with Germany gathered pace when German Sergeant Gunther Schuetz escaped from Mountjoy Gaol in February 1942 and made contact with the IRA. Schuetz made contact with Mrs Caítlín Brugha (widow of Cathal Brugha) and McCool quickly developed plans to get Schuetz out of the country with a shopping list of weapons for the IRA.
McCool, however, was not to see these plans develop as August 1942 saw him arrested and interned in the Curragh despite being an election candidate for the Irish General Election scheduled for June 1943. McCool's arrest caused difficulties for the IRA for while he had done an impressive job as Chief of Staff in a short period of time, he had kept the locations and contents of many IRA arms dumps in his head. McCool, however, developed a plan to get this information to his comrades on the outside who were still planning for the Northern Campaign.
Republican internees held in the Curragh camp had split into two main factions. However, a third faction of those who refused to take sides was also in existence. One member of this non-aligned faction was Harry White. McCool hoped that White would appear to the authorities as having become disillusioned with the IRA due to the splits in the camp. With this is mind McCool selected White to become his courier. McCool asked White to 'sign out' of the camp and take the details of the arms dumps which McCool had to the IRA leadership on the outside. 'Signing out' meant giving an undertaking to the authorities that you would turn you back on the IRA and not re-engage in the Republican struggle. This was contrary to IRA rules and carried a great stigma with it. White initially refused as he did not wish to contravene IRA rules. McCool circumvented this problem by getting White to resign from the IRA, then sign out and rejoin when he left the camp. Technically this would mean that White was not breaking any IRA orders. The plan succeeded and, through White, McCool's information was relayed to the IRA on the outside. McCool used this method of getting men to 'sign out' to get other experienced IRA Volunteers out of the Curragh in order to help the IRA on the outside.
Internment in the Curragh, Election Campaign and Hunger Strike When McCool arrived in the Curragh internment camp in April 1942 the faction fighting within the camp between those who accepted Liam Leddy as the prisoners camp O/C and those who supported Pearse Kelly as camp O/C was in full flight. McCool, upon entering the Curragh, brought instructions from the IRA leadership on the outside that the rift between the factions was to be healed and both factions were to come together. Liam Leddy organised a meeting within the camp to discuss the directive from the leadership. McCool and a number of other prisoners, mostly on the Kelly side of the dispute, voted to accept the directive. Leddy refused to accept this and the split was solidified and McCool aligned himself with the Pearse Kelly faction.