The Wizard of Oz is a musical with a book by John Kane, music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by E. Y. Harburg. It has additional background music by Herbert Stothart. It is based on the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum and the 1939 film version written by Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf.
Successful musicals based on the Baum novel were created in 1902 (for Broadway) and in 1942 (for St. Louis Municipal Opera), the latter of which, using songs from the popular 1939 film, is still frequently revived. Seeking to more closely recreate the 1939 film on stage, the Royal Shakespeare Company adapted the film's screenplay, also using the songs from the film, and produced a new version at London's Barbican Centre in 1987. This was also a success and has been given many revivals in various formats. It also had extensive tours the U.S. from 2008 to 2020. The musical has become a popular musical for community theatres, schools and children's theatres in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Background and creation The Wizard of Oz was first turned into a musical extravaganza by L. Frank Baum himself. A loose adaptation of Baum's 1900 novel (there is no Wicked Witch, magic shoes or Toto, and there are some new characters), it first played in Chicago in 1902 and was a success on Broadway the following year. It then toured for seven years.Swartz, p. 146 The 1939 film adaptation bore a closer resemblance to the storyline of Baum's original novel than most previous versions. It was a strong success, won the Academy Awards for best song and best score, and has been frequently broadcast on television. This was followed, in 1942, by a musical theatre adaptation presented at the St. Louis Municipal Opera (MUNY). The script was adapted by Frank Gabrielson from the novel, but it is influenced in some respects by the motion picture script and uses most of the songs from the film. A new song was added for Dorothy to sing in the Emerald City, called "Evening Star", and the Wizard goes home in a rocketship instead of a hot air balloon. The MUNY version continues to receive frequent revivals.
According to Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) director Ian Judge, the company's 1987 adaptation "came about when Terry Hands, artistic director of the company, asked for a show that could be performed annually over the Christmas season, as a revival of J. M. Barrie's play Peter Pan had been previously. ... Judge obtained the rights to the film. ... An additional verse has been put back into the Academy Award-winning song 'Over the Rainbow,' as well as an entire number, 'The Jitterbug,' that was cut from the movie. Every word of the screenplay has been left in. 'We've just fattened it out a little bit because you need a few more words in the theater than you need in the movies.'"Wolf, Matt. "Toto Meets the Bard", The Associated Press, December 14, 1987 (no page number) In 1986, John Kane was asked by the company to write the book for the adaptation.Swartz, p. 257 This version hews even more closely to the film's screenplay than the 1942 MUNY version and attempts to recreate the film's atmosphere and some of its special effects. It also involves more singing for the chorus."The Wizard of Oz (R.S.C. 1987)", Concord Theatricals, accessed April 28, 2022
Synopsis Act 1 Dorothy Gale, a young girl living on a Kansas farm with her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry, dreams of escaping her mundane life ("Over the Rainbow"). The family's mean neighbor, Miss Gulch, threatens to impound Dorothy's cherished dog, Toto, so Dorothy and Toto run away. They meet up with kindly Professor Marvel, who subtly convinces Dorothy to return home. Suddenly a tornado hits, and Dorothy and Toto, seeking shelter in the house, are transported to the Land of Oz.
In Oz, Dorothy meets Glinda, the Good Witch of the North. Apparently, Dorothy's house has landed upon – and fatally stricken – the Wicked Witch of the East. The Munchkins, now freed from the Wicked Witch of the East, celebrate and hail Dorothy as their new heroine ("Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead/Munchkin Musical Sequence"). Suddenly, the Wicked Witch of the West appears, interrupting the celebration and seeking vengeance. Unable to reclaim her sister's shoes, which are now on Dorothy's feet, the Witch vows to return and disappears in a cloud of smoke. Dorothy, seeking a way back home to Kansas, sets off to see the Wizard of Oz ("Follow the Yellow Brick Road").
Along the way, Dorothy meets three new friends, each of whom bemoans the lack a crucial characteristic: The Scarecrow ("If I Only Had a Brain") the Tinman ("If I Only Had a Heart") and the Lion ("If I Only Had the Nerve"). Together, the four new companions make their way towards Oz ("We're Off to See the Wizard"). The Witch attempts to sedate the travelers with a poisonous field of poppies, but Glinda reverses the spell with healing snowflakes ("Poppies" (Act One Finale)).
Act 2 The travelers, arriving at the Emerald City, are delayed by a stubborn Gatekeeper, but Dorothy's tears convince him to relent and let them in ("Merry Old Land of Oz"). As the group awaits its audience with the Wizard, the Lion boasts he is "King of The Forest". Finally, they meet the imposing and irritable Wizard, who demands the broomstick of the Wicked Witch of the West.
The four friends travel deep into the haunted forest. Suddenly, they encounter jitterbugs, who make them dance until they collapse from exhaustion ("The Jitterbug"). The Wicked Witch's flying monkeys swoop down, capturing Dorothy and Toto. At the castle, the Witch vows to take Dorothy's life. Meanwhile, the Lion, Scarecrow and Tinman infiltrate the castle disguised as Winkie guards. The foursome and Toto are reunited, but the Wicked Witch interferes, threatening the Scarecrow with fire. Dorothy, dousing the flames with a bucket of water, accidentally strikes the Witch, who smolders and melts into nothing ("Ding Dong the Witch Is Dead" (reprise)). The four friends, triumphant, take the Witch's broom back to the Wizard.
The Wizard remains imperious and imposing, but Toto pulls aside a curtain to reveal a meek and ordinary man speaking into a microphone. The Wizard, revealed to be a "humbug", nonetheless grants each traveler's request, giving the Scarecrow, the Tinman, and the Lion each a token of his newly-acquired ability. The Wizard offers to take Dorothy back to Kansas in his hot-air balloon, but the balloon accidentally takes off, and Dorothy is left alone and crestfallen. Glinda appears and explains that Dorothy has always had the power to return home. All she has to do is close her eyes, tap her heels together three times, and repeat to herself, "There's no place like home."
Back in Kansas, Dorothy awakens, confused, with a bump on her head. Reunited with all her loved ones, and relieved to learn the storm has left Miss Gulch incapacitated by a broken leg, Dorothy shares the tale of her miraculous journey, celebrating the joy and healing power of home.
Musical numbers
Act One Overture – Orchestra with Female Chorus Over the Rainbow – Dorothy Cyclone – Orchestra Munchkinland Music Sequence (Come Out, Come Out; It Really Was No Miracle; Ding Dong! The Witch is Dead; Lullaby League/Lollipop Guild) – Glinda, Dorothy and Munchkins Follow the Yellow Brick Road/You’re Off to See the Wizard – Dorothy and Munchkins If I Only Had a Brain – Scarecrow, Dorothy and Crows We're Off to See the Wizard – Dorothy and Scarecrow If I Only Had a Heart – Tinman, Dorothy and Apple Trees We're Off to See the Wizard (reprise) – Dorothy, Scarecrow and Tinman If I Only Had the Nerve – Cowardly Lion, Dorothy, Scarecrow and Tinman We're Off to See the Wizard (reprise) – Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tinman and Lion Poppies/Out of the Woods/Act One Finale – Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tinman, Lion, Glinda and Chorus
Act Two Entr'acte/Optimistic Voices – Orchestra with Female Chorus The Merry Old Land of Oz – Dorothy, Tinman, Scarecrow, Lion, Guard and Ozians If I Were King of the Forest – Lion, Dorothy, Scarecrow and Tinman March of the Winkies – Winkie Guards The Jitterbug – Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tinman, Lion and Jitterbugs Over the Rainbow (reprise) – Dorothy Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead (reprise) – Winkies Finale – Full Company
Notes In the 1998 Madison Square Garden & national touring production, the Wicked Witch sang the first few verses of “The Jitterbug.”
Productions
1987 Original London production The RSC premiered the musical over Christmas 1987 at the Barbican Centre; it based its costumes on a combination of the book's original artwork and the style of the then-popular musical The Wiz. The original cast featured Imelda Staunton as Dorothy Gale; Bille Brown (in drag) as Miss Gulch/the Wicked Witch of the West; Dilys Laye and later Joyce Grant as Aunt Em/Glinda, the Good Witch of the North; and Trevor Peacock as Zeke/the Cowardly Lion and Sebastian Shaw as The Wizard of Oz/Professor Marvel. When the same production was reproduced in 1988, Gillian Bevan played Dorothy. The production was an immediate success in London when it opened at London's Barbican Theatre. The Times reviewer wrote: "This is, to come out with it immediately, the most marvellous show."Kingston, Jeremy. "Spirited trip down yellow brick road / Review of The Wizard of Oz at the Barbican", The Times, December 18, 1987 (no page number)
The RSC revived the show the following season, again with Gillian Bevan as Dorothy, and recorded a cast album of the show. The staging has been repeated frequently by musical theatre companies in the United Kingdom.
1988 United States premiere The RSC version's first outing in the U.S. was in 1988 in a production starring Cathy Rigby as Dorothy (she had made her musical debut in the role in a 1981 MUNY revival) and Lara Teeter as the Scarecrow. This was presented by the Long Beach Civic Light Opera (Long Beach, California) from July 14 to July 31, 1988."Listing, Orange Coast Magazine". Orange Coast Magazine (books.google.com), July 1988O'Connor, Thomas. "Cathy Rigby pops over the rainbow in a stage version of the Arlen-Harburg musical offered by Long Beach Civic Light Opera starting next weekend", "Footlights", The Orange County Register, July 10, 1988, p. J17
1989 The Wizard of Oz Live! Arena Show In 1989, in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the film, the RSC script and score were adapted into an arena-style touring production in the U.S. According to USA Today, the show was "Built to play about 70 stadiums across the country, the $5 million production opened Wednesday at Radio City Music Hall."Stearns, David Patrick. "The wizardry behind taking 'Oz' on tour", USA Today, March 24, 1989, p. 4D The production, with many dramatic and, according to critics, ill-advised design features, was not well received and had a short run, closing quietly in 1990.
1990s productions 1991–1992 Australian tour The RSC production had its Australian premiere at the State Theatre, Melbourne in January to February 1991."The Wizard of Oz – The Musical" (Melbourne 1991), AusStage, accessed June 4, 2018 The production played in December 1991 in Brisbane"The Wizard of Oz – The Musical" (Brisbane 1991), AusStage, accessed June 4, 2018 and January to February 1992 in Adelaide."The Wizard of Oz – The Musical" (Adelaide), AusStage, accessed June 4, 2018 The cast included Tamsin West as Dorothy, Cameron Daddo as Hunk/Scarecrow (replaced by Brian Rooney in Brisbane and Adelaide), David Whitney as Hickory/The Tinman, Pamela Rabe as Miss Gulch/Wicked Witch and John Gaden as Professor Marvel/The Wizard (replaced by Bert Newton in Brisbane and AdelaidePlant, Simon. "Bert is the word: 20 years on stage for showbiz legend Bert Newton", Herald Sun, December 12, 2013, accessed June 4, 2018).
1992 Paper Mill Playhouse