XII Corps was a corps of the British Army that fought in the First and Second World Wars. In the First World War, it formed part of the British Salonika Force on the Macedonian front. In the Second World War, it formed part of the British Second Army during Operation Overlord and the subsequent North-West Europe Campaign of 1944-46.
First World War XII Corps was formed in France on 8 September 1915 under the command of Lieutenant General Henry F. M. Wilson, former commander of the 4th Division.Official History: France and Belgium 1915, Vol. II, p. 87.
In November, XII Corps was sent from France with 22nd, 26th and 28th divisions under command to reinforce Allied forces on the Macedonian front. Wilson and his corps headquarters (HQ) arrived at the port of Salonika on 12 November, but Lieutenant General Sir Bryan Mahon, the commander of the British Salonika Force (BSF), took XII Corp's staff to establish his own HQ.Official History: Macedonia, Vol. I, p. 58. On 14 December, the War Office sanctioned the establishment of two corps within the BSF and Wilson reformed XII Corps.Wakefield & Moody, p.45; Official History: Macedonia, Vol. I, p. 95.
After a period holding the defensive position known as 'the Birdcage' around Salonika, XII Corps moved up-country in July 1916, taking over former French positions, but only part was involved in the fighting during the summer and autumn.Wakefield & Moody, pp. 48–58; Official History: Macedonia, Vol. I, pp. 155, 188. XII Corps was selected to attack the Bulgarian positions west of Lake Doiran in April 1917.Official History, Macedonia, Vol I, p. 295. The area to be attacked was 'a defender's dream, being a tangled mass of hills cut by numerous ravines'.Wakefield & Moody p. 65. Wilson planned a three-stage operation to capture the three lines of defences, preceded by a short intense bombardment. The BSF's new commander, Lieutenant General George Milne, decided that his manpower was too limited, and reduced this to a smaller assault on the first defence line only, preceded by a three-day bombardment to neutralise enemy batteries and destroy trenches and barbed wire. This, of course, lost the element of surprise and the Bulgarians were well aware of what was coming. Only three brigades were engaged, but the casualties were high and little ground was gained. In a second attack two weeks later, the assault troops managed to cross no man's land, but it was difficult to get information back to HQs, and some companies simply disappeared.Wakefield & Moody, pp. 65–98;Official History: Macedonia, Vol I, pp. 306–319.
This First Battle of Doiran (second battle by Bulgarian reckoning) had been a failure and, with many troops being withdrawn to other theatres, XII Corps did not get another opportunity to launch a major attack until 18 September 1918. On that day, with two brigades of the 22nd Division and the Greek Seres Division, XII Corps failed to take 'Pip Ridge' and the 'Grande Couronne'. The following day, the attack was renewed with a brigade from the 27th Division supported by the remnants of 22nd Division, the Seres Division, and the French 2nd Regiment of Zouaves. Once more the attack failed with heavy casualties.Wakefield & Moody pp. 196–219; Official History: Macedonia, Vol II, pp. 163–178. However, the 2nd Battle of Doiran had served its purpose by drawing Bulgarian attention away from Gen Franchet d'Esperey's main Franco-Serbian thrust, which broke through the Bulgarian lines further west. On 21 September, the BSF was ordered to pursue the retreating Bulgarians, with XII Corps in the lead. Bulgaria signed an armistice with the Allies on 29 September, but XII Corps continued to advance across Bulgaria towards the Turkish frontier, until the Ottoman Turks also signed the Armistice of Mudros on 31 October.Wakefield & Moody pp. 220–227.
XII Corps occupied parts of European Turkey and Wilson was appointed GOC Allied Forces Gallipoli and Bosporus. On 11 February 1919, XII Corps ceased to exist, Wilson becoming Commander, Allied Forces Turkey in Europe, British Salonika Army, and British Army of the Black Sea.Army List.Official History: Macedonia, Vol II, pp. 268–70.
First World War order of battle Order of Battle (March 1917)Wakefield & Moody, Appendix. 22nd Division 26th Division 60th (2/2nd London) Division Corps Troops: 1/1st Lothians and Border Horse
Second World War
Home defence XII Corps, which was formed in 1940, came under Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces in the early part of the Second World War. It was based at 10 Broadwater Down in Royal Tunbridge Wells in Kent.Newbold, p. 202 Lieutenant-General Sir Bernard Montgomery was its commander from 27 April 1941 until 13 August 1942, when he was sent to Egypt to take command of the British Eighth Army.Michael Carver, 'Montgomery', in John Keegan (ed), Churchill's Generals, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991.
Order of Battle, June - October 1940 1st London Infantry Division (renamed 56th (London) Infantry Division 18 November 1940) 45th Infantry Division Royal Artillery 60th (North Midland) Army Field Regiment, Royal Artillery 88th (2nd West Lancashire) Army Field Regiment, Royal Artillery 74th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
North West Europe XII Corps, now commanded by Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie, was designated as one of the follow-up corps of the British Second Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Miles C. Dempsey, and was sent to Normandy, France as part of Operation Overlord, shortly after the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944. In July, it took over command of the troops holding the Odon Valley area in July 1944 (previously under command of Lieutenant-General Richard N. O'Connor's VIII Corps). XII Corps then took part in a diversionary action in the area prior to Operation Goodwood (18–20 July 1944), and was then involved in the fighting southwards out of this area in August. XII Corps was the last assignment of the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division prior to the division's disbandment, due to a severe shortage of manpower, in late August.
XII Corps supported the left flank of XXX Corps during Operation Market Garden in September 1944; but, like VIII Corps on the right flank, struggled to match the pace of XXX Corps' rapid advance. This left XXX Corps' flanks exposed to German counter-attacks on its lines of communication. XII Corps later went on to fight in the rest of the campaign, during operations Pheasant, Blackcock and later in the invasion of Germany.
Order of battle, June 1944 General Officer Commanding Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie Corps TroopsForty p. 346. 1st The Royal Dragoons (armoured cars) 86th (5th Devon) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery86 Anti-Tank Regiment RA (TA) 112th (Durham Light Infantry) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery112 (Durham Lt Inf) Light AA Regiment RA (TA) 7th Survey Regiment, Royal Artillery7 Survey Regiment RA (TA) XII Corps Troops, Royal EngineersMorling, p. 211.Watson & Rinaldi, p. 132. XII Corps Postal Unit, Royal Engineers XII Corps Signals, Royal Corps of Signals
Attached formations: 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division 3rd Army Group, Royal Artillery3rd Army Group RA 6th Field Regiment, RA6 Field Regiment RA 13th Medium Regiment, RA13 Medium Regiment RA 59th (4th West Lancashire) Medium Regiment, RA59 (4th W Lancs) Medium Regiment RA (TA) 67th Medium Regiment, RA67 Medium Regiment RA (TA) 72nd Medium Regiment, RA72 Medium Regiment RA (TA) 59th (Newfoundland) Heavy Regiment, RA59 (Newfoundland) Heavy Regiment RA (TA) Regiments.org
Divisions attached at other times: 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division 46th Infantry Division 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division 56th (London) Infantry Division 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division
Order of Battle, 14–26 January 1945 (Operation Blackcock) 7th Armoured Division 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division In support: 8th Armoured Brigade 214th Infantry Brigade 6th Guards Tank Brigade 79th Armoured Division 3rd and 9th AGRA
General Officers Commanding Commanders included:Army Commands 1915 – 1917 Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Wilson 1917 Major-General E. C. W. Mackenzie-Kennedy (temporary) 1917 – 1918 Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Wilson Jun 1940-Apr 1941 Lieutenant-General Andrew Thorne Apr 1941-Nov 1941 Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery Nov 1941-Sep 1942 Lieutenant-General James Gammell Nov 1942-Nov 1943 Lieutenant-General Montagu Stopford Dec 1943-May 1945 Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie
Notes
References Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, Official History of the Great War, Military Operations: France and Belgium 1915, Volume II, Battle of Aubers Ridge, Festubert, and Loos, London: Macmillan (1928). Capt Cyril Falls, Official History, Military Operations: Macedonia, Volume I: From the Outbreak of War to Spring 1917, London: HMSO (1933). Capt Cyril Falls, Official History, Military Operations: Macedonia, Volume II: From the Spring of 1917 to the End of the War, London: HMSO (1935). George Forty, British Army Handbook 1939-1945, Stroud: Sutton (1998) (). Peter Harclerode, Arnhem: A Tragedy of Errors, Caxton Editions (1994). Col L.F. Morling, Sussex Sappers: A History of the Sussex Volunteer and Territorial Army Royal Engineer Units from 1890 to 1967, Seaford: 208th Field Co, RE/Christians–W.J. Offord, 1972.
Alan Wakefield & Simon Moody, Under the Devil's Eye: Britain's Forgotten Army at Salonika 1915-1918''', Stroud; Sutton Publishing (2004) (). Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018'', Tiger Lily Books, 2018, .
External links The Long Long Trail Royal Artillery 1939-45 Regiments.org