Coronini (; until 1996 Pescari ; or Koronini; occasionally referred to as PeskariRieser, p. 519 in German) is a commune in Caraș-Severin County, western Romania, with a population of 1,514 as of 2021. Part of the region of Banat, it includes Coronini and Sfânta Elena villages. Situated on the Danube and the border with Serbia, part of the mountainous area known as Clisura Dunării, Coronini holds several archeological sites, which trace its history back to the Bronze Age. The locality is home to a medieval fortress built by rulers of the Hungarian Kingdom, but was re-founded during the Banat colonization of the 1790s, and officially in 1858. A center for immigration from the Czech lands in the early 19th century, Sfânta Elena is among the traditional places founded by and associated with the Czech-Romanian community.
Coronini as a whole was transformed by 20th century political changes, industrialization and economic fluctuations: Coronini village became a center for the mining industry, while Sfânta Elena was heavily affected rural-urban migration, and eventually by voluntary resettlement in the Czech Republic. During the 1990s, the commune became ill-famed as a hub for contraband in petroleum products.
Location The commune is located on the foothills of the Southern Carpathians, where these meet the Danube, and in proximity to the Clisura Dunării and Iron Gates areas. Facing Serbia on the right bank of the Danube, it is also close to a canyon formed by the Alibeg River.Pătroescu & Rozyłowicz, p. 110 The Sfânta Elena area is located on a karstic plateau, which groups sinkholes and limestone pavements, features also present in neighboring areas (Berzasca, the Mudavița Seacă Valley, etc.). The area has also been described as fault plain, part of the Banat Mountains graben (itself known as Coroniniului or Lászlóvára).G. Z. Földvary, Geology of the Carpathian Region, p. 493. Singapore: World Scientific, 1988. Coronini is located near a stone formation known as Babacaia (also Babakái or Babocaise), and close to the hills Cralievăț, Cârșia Văradului, and Vuiții.Moisi, p. 3 It also houses caves such as Gaura cu muscă, once famous as the breeding ground of Simulium colombaschense, an endemic black fly species.Grivu, pp. 208–211; Moisi, pp. 10–11 Another such feature is Gaura cu muzică, known for its natural acoustics.Grivu, pp. 210–211
Coronini lends its name to the Coronini-Bedina nature reserve, which covers . Situația ariilor naturale protejate constituite conform Legii 5/2003 și H.G 2151/2004, Environmental Protection Agency Caraș-Severin release, pp. 1, 4; retrieved August 20, 2009 It is also, with Sichevița, the proposed site of a new nature reserve, Fețele Dunării ("Facets of the Danube"), which is supposed to cover some .
Demographics
At the 2002 census, most of the 1,878 inhabitants were Romanian Orthodox (1,120 people), while 382 were Baptist and 368 Roman Catholic. "Coronini", at the Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank; retrieved August 21, 2009 According to the 2011 census, the commune had 1,674 inhabitants, and was home to 1,381 Romanians and 289 Czechs. Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011, Caraș-Severin County Regional Statistics Directorate; retrieved February 21, 2012 At the 2021 census, Coronini had a population of 1,514; of those, 75.76% were Romanians and 14.53% Czechs.
History
Coronini village Origins The history of Coronini leads back beyond the period when the Banat area was an Imperial Roman domain (see Roman Dacia). It houses several archeological sites, which focus on cave paintings and dwellings from the Basarabi culture (8th–7th centuries BC), as well as the mines of Vărad (intensively used from the Bronze Age as a source of gold, silver, copper, lead and iron). Sabin Adrian Luca, Arheologie și istorie, Vol. I, Descoperiri din județul Caraș-Severin. Descoperiri arheologice C.. Bucharest: Editura Economică, 2004. ; e-book version at the Institute for the Study of Transylvania's Cultural Patrimony within a European Context, retrieved August 20, 2009 Among the oldest artifacts found in the village are Hallstatt tools (discovered in 1972) and a bronze vessel with 178 silver coins, predating the Roman expeditions. Coronini was also the site of Halstatt funerals, probably related to those found on Moldova Veche sites. The Roman period itself is attested by a denarius issued under Emperor Alexander Severus, under whose reign a Roman road was begun.Moisi, p. 9
In the 9th century, what is now Coronini may have been included in the lordship of Ajtony.Cerović, p. 5 The medieval period, when Banat was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, left several traces on Coronini's landscape. The location houses the 15th century Saint Ladislaus (Hungarian: Szentlászló; historical Hungarian: Zenthlázlówára) fortress, part of the historical sites in the Iron Gates Natural Park area.Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526, pp. 237–238. London: I.B. Tauris, 2005. Archeological investigation carried out in 1970–1973 found that it was built on top of Dacian fortifications and newer walls erected in the 6th or 7th centuries, and that the Hungarian building was probably erected in the 15th century. The decision to construct Saint Ladislaus is thought to have come directly from King Sigismund, whereas other Banat fortresses from the period were inaugurated by his vassal Pipo of Ozora. The ramparts were first used in 1396 by Sigismund and Stephen Rozgonyi to block the Ottoman advance following defeat at Nicopolis.Mih. Drăghicescu, Istoricul principalelor puncte pe Dunăre dela Gura Tisei până la mare și pe coastele mării dela Varna la Odesa, p. 65. Monitorul Oficial, Bucharest, 1943 The loss of Golubac, over the river, probably contributed to the urgency of building Saint Ladislaus, used as a base during the 1428 attacks.Grivu, pp. 207–208
The medieval period also produced new cave paintings and traces of habitation in the caves, some of which are superimposed over their Basarabi culture predecessors. Also then, the village came to house a quarry. A cemetery, attesting a larger Hungarian habitation, was accidentally discovered in central Coronini in 1896.Moisi, pp. 7–8 The fortress, which became known as Lászlóvára, was destroyed by the string of Ottoman–Habsburg wars. At various intervals during the campaigns, Ottomans controlled the whole region as Temeşvar Eyalet. Coronini is the presumed site of Saint Michael Monastery, linked to Wallachian Orthodoxy and attested in Ottoman documents during the rule of Murad III (later ransacked). Săpături arheologice la Coronini, Radio România Regional release, July 3, 2013 Turks left their mark in place-names: the cliffs of Babacaia were reportedly the site of an honor killing by an agha, and named after the victim; Alibeg River is named after a Şehzade.Moisi, pp. 3, 5
The area was eventually secured for the Habsburg domains under the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), and then transmitted to the Austrian Empire. It became the newest of Banat's ethnic Romanian colonies.Moisi, pp. 4, 7 Its population of woodcutters and agriculturists had originated in Oltenia, having first settled in the Banat in the 1640s. Newer waves arrived in 1716–1739, when Austria had direct control over Oltenia. Immigrant patriarchs included fugitives from the law, such as Ion Bălean, who had killed an Ottoman tax collector in the 1780s. They had first settled Moldova Nouă, where they were known as bufeni, possibly from bufă ("owl"): their indentured labor, servicing the Military Frontier, sometimes required them to work at night, but spared them from conscription.Moisi, pp. 4–5
Reestablishment
In 1798, a branch of the bufeni moved to the Alibeg area, having been contracted by the forestry tycoon Ion Margelia (or János Magyarly) of Oravița.Moisi, pp. 5–6 In 1832, Alibeg was formally designated a part of the Military Frontier, and its borders were drawn up.Moisi, pp. 6–7 In 1858, Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg, Governor of Banat, ordered the entire village to relocate on the Danube shore, and, from 1859, it became known as Koronini or Coronini, in his honor. According to oral history, the bufeni resented recolonization, as it striped them of good arable land (which was then assigned to an Austrian officer), and because it was done without proper arrangements. They were also ordered to invest in stone houses, renouncing their cheaper bordeie. During the following decades, the village was modernized, with road paving, river engineering and new works on the fortifications, and the introduction of gas lighting; however, its population was plagued by modern infections—syphilis and tuberculosis were brought in by visitors and foreign workers.Moisi, pp. 8–9
Assigned to the Hungarian component of Austria-Hungary in 1867, by 1900 Coronini was also included in Krassó-Szörény County. That year, it had 901 inhabitants, of whom 872 were ethnic Romanians.Negru, p. 37 Late in World War I, and following the Aster Revolution, the village experienced administrative confusion: in November 1918, two Romanian women, Anușca Băloi and Drăgălina Țundrea, organized the populace and chased out the Hungarian Gendarmes. Koronini subsequently fell into the area of Banat disputed between the Kingdom of Romania, Yugoslavia, and, nominally, the Banat Republic. Claimed during the Romanian union process of 1918–1919, it was instead part of an area of occupation by the Royal Yugoslav Army, extending eastward to Orșova, then included in a buffer zone occupied by the French Danube Army.Suciu, pp. 1101–1104. See also Carmen Albert, "Ocupația sârbă din Banat în memorialistica bănățeană", in Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie, Vol. XIX, 2011, pp. 449–456; Cerović, p. 156 For a few weeks, the area was included in "Lugoj County", set up and managed by the 11th Colonial Infantry Division.Suciu, p. 1103
On August 6, 1919, the last Serbian troops withdrew and Coronini was taken by the Romanian Army—then recognized, under the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, as being part of Greater Romania. In 1922, it was visited by the deposed Hungarian King Charles IV, and, the following year, by the King of Romania, Ferdinand I. By 1924, the Romanian land reform had resulted in a controversial liquidation of the Military Frontier garrison assets, with debates opposing landless peasants to Grenz infantry veterans; most available land was also divided into individual plots, but proved highly unsuitable for cultivation.Moisi, p. 8 In 1934, at least 9 inhabitants left as colonists to Caliacra County. Known primarily as Coronini, the village was included in Caraș County and Moldova Nouă plasă. By the time of World War II, it had 969 inhabitants.Negru, pp. 35–36 Modernization continued in the 1930s, when some work was performed on the road connecting Orșova to Socol. It was designed as part of the a thoroughfare linking Bucharest to Belgrade.