Beth Israel Congregation () is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue located at 5315 Old Canton Road in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. Organized in 1860 by Jews of German background, it is the only Jewish synagogue in Jackson. Beth Israel built the first synagogue in Mississippi in 1867, and, after it burned down, its 1874 replacement was at one time the oldest religious building in Jackson.
Originally Orthodox, the congregation joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations in 1874. After going through a series of rabbis, and periods without one, the congregation hired Meyer Lovitt as rabbi in 1929; he would remain until 1954. The congregation moved to a new building in 1941.
Dr. Perry Nussbaum, Beth Israel's rabbi from 1954 to 1973, was active in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1967, the congregation moved to a new synagogue building, and both the new building and Nussbaum's house were bombed by the Ku Klux Klan that year. In 2003, Valerie Cohen became the congregation's first female rabbi. Rabbi Rosen began at Beth Israel Congregation in July 2019. With a growing membership of over 200 families, Beth Israel was the largest Jewish congregation in the state.Beth Israel Congregation website.
Early years The congregation was originally established in 1860According to "History of Beth Israel, Jackson, Mississippi", Institute of Southern Jewish Life, History, Beth Israel Congregation website and Cawthon (2011), p. 101. According to Landman (1942), p. 587 and The Mississippi Encyclopedia, p. 574, it was organized in 1861, and Kimbrough (1998), p. 58, states that the "congregation had begun to hold services by 1861." According to Weissbach (2008), p. 40, the congregation was established in 1862. by Jews of German background."History of Beth Israel, Jackson, Mississippi", Institute of Southern Jewish Life. Its primary purpose was to create a Jewish cemetery, which it immediately did, on State Street.According to "History of Beth Israel, Jackson, Mississippi", Institute of Southern Jewish Life. According to Weissbach (2008), p. 39, the cemetery was purchased by the "Hebrew Benevolent Association" in 1858, which was absorbed by Beth Israel in 1863. In November 1862, the congregation hired a Mr. Oberndorfer as cantor; its next goal was provide a Jewish education for the congregation's children. At the time Jackson had 15 Jewish families.
A number of accounts state that the congregation's first synagogue was built at South State and South streets in 1861 and burned by the Union Army in 1863,E.g. Landman (1942), p. 587, Rosen (2000), p. 23, Turitz (1983), p 121. Turitz states that a second building was constructed at the same location in 1867. but the veracity of the latter claim is disputed."History of Beth Israel, Jackson, Mississippi", Institute of Southern Jewish Life states: "Later accounts mentioned an earlier synagogue that had been burned during the Northern occupation of Jackson during the Civil War, though there is no contemporary evidence of this." Cawthon (2011), p. 101, describes the 1867 building as "the original building". That year the congregation had 31 members, and adopted its first constitution.Weissbach (2008), p. 82. In 1867, the congregation constructed a wood frame building at the corner of South State and South streets.Cawthon (2011), pp. 101-102. The building, which was used both as a schoolhouse and for prayer services, was the first synagogue in Mississippi.
From the start the congregation was not unified. However, as there were only about 50 Jews in Jackson in 1868, the community was too small for two synagogues. Conflicts arose between the older German Jewish members and post-American Civil War Jewish immigrants from Poland, particularly over synagogue ritual. The synagogue followed the Orthodox nusach Ashkenaz, but some members wanted to adopt Isaac Mayer Wise's reformist Minhag America Prayer-Book.
Tensions eased when Beth Israel hired its first Rabbi, the Reverend L. Winter, in 1870. He moved the congregation towards Reform Judaism, replacing Saturday services with Friday night ones, giving sermons in English, and adding confirmation ceremonies. Winter, however, left soon afterward.
Beth Israel's building burned down in July 1874, and was replaced by a stone and brick building at the same location.Landman (1942), p. 587. Dedicated in 1875, the two-story brick Gothic Revival structure had "pointed-arch windows", and an auditorium on the second floor that was accessed via two curved staircases. The architect, Joseph Willis, had previously designed or remodeled several significant buildings in Mississippi, including the Old Mississippi State Capitol. In later years one straight staircase replaced the two curved ones, and the exposed brick walls were covered by stucco.
In 1875, Beth Israel also formalized its move to Reform by joining the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now Union for Reform Judaism).
First half of the 20th century Following its founding the congregation grew very slowly; by 1908 there were still only 37 members, and 16 children in the religious school. By 1918, membership had fallen to 24, and children in the religious school to 10. That year the synagogue's total income was $800 (today $).American Jewish Year Book, Vol. 21, p. 410.
In the first decades of the 20th century, the neighborhood around the South State Street building transitioned to industrial use.Cawthon (2011), p. 102. To accommodate members who had moved away from Jackson's downtown, in 1940 the congregation commenced construction of a new building at 546 East Woodrow Wilson Avenue (west of State Street), while holding services at Galloway Memorial Methodist Church.History, Beth Israel Congregation website.Cawthon (2011), p. 118. The congregation moved into the new building in 1941, and dedicated it in January 1942. The sanctuary had solid walnut pews that sat 300.Kimbrough (1998), p. 58. Beth Israel's old building at South State and South streets was demolished; at the time of the move, it was the oldest building used for religious purposes in Jackson. In 2005, a historical marker was placed at the location by the State of Mississippi, commemorating the original Beth Israel synagogue buildings.
In its first few decades Beth Israel went through a number of rabbis, whose tenures were all short-lived, and endured many periods without any rabbi at all. One rabbi, Louis Schreiber, was hired in 1915, and fired the next year, for "grossly insulting and hurting the feelings of Beth Israel members". In 1929 the congregation hired Meyer Lovitt as rabbi, and with him Beth Israel achieved a measure of stability.Evans (2005), p. 95. By 1939, the synagogue had 72 members, out of a total Jewish population in Jackson of around 250.
Lovitt was non-confrontational, and avoided getting involved in issues relating to the civil rights movement. He minimized the differences between Christianity and Judaism, and viewed assimilation positively. He preferred that the congregation celebrate the Jewish holidays in ways that attracted no attention, and had no objection to members putting up Christmas trees, which he referred to as "Hanukkah bushes."Nelson (1993), p. 34. Lovitt would remain with Beth Israel until his retirement in 1954.Nelson (1993), p. 36.
Perry Nussbaum era In 1954, Lovitt was succeeded by Dr. Perry Nussbaum. Born in Toronto in 1908 and raised there, Nussbaum had attended a small Orthodox synagogue as a boy, and, after high school, worked as secretary for the Holy Blossom Temple's rabbi Barnett R. Brickner. With encouragement from Brickner, in 1926 he applied and was accepted into a combined eight-year rabbinic ordination and degree program at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati and University of Cincinnati.Zola (1997), p. 231. He graduated in 1933,Zola (1997), p. 232. Hebrew Union College's first Canadian graduate.Polner (1977), p. 76. He was the last member of his class to receive an offer of a position, so he had to accept as his first rabbinic posting a role at a Reform synagogue in Melbourne. This did not work out, as he was too inexperienced.Polner (1977), p. 77. Nussbaum subsequently served at a synagogue in Amarillo, Texas, and in 1937 accepted a position as a prison chaplain in Pueblo, Colorado, where he also worked as a part-time librarian at the local university, and taught public speaking.Zola (1997), p. 232–233.Nelson (1993), p. 35. In 1941, he became rabbi of Temple Emanu-El in Wichita, Kansas, and in 1943 he joined the Chaplain Corps of the United States Army.Zola (1997), p. 233. He served in the Philippines, and eventually became a colonel in the United States Army Reserve.
After the war, he was assistant rabbi at a synagogue in Trenton, New Jersey (a position several other rabbis had rejected). Finding that the rabbi there wanted a secretary, not an assistant, Nussbaum resigned after less than a year, and moved to Temple Emanu-el of Long Beach, New York. He found the position there extremely political, and after three years became rabbi of Temple Anshe Amunim in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. After Lovitt retired from Beth Israel, the chair of the Central Conference of American Rabbis (and former classmate and friend), Rabbi Nathan Perilman, recommended the post to Nussbaum. Perilman stated the congregation was wonderful, and would respect and appreciate him. He also lauded the city of Jackson. Looking for stability, and some "rest and relaxation", Nussbaum interviewed for the role; the search committee's first question to him was "Doctor, what's your position on school desegregation?" He replied that he was a liberal, but was careful not to get his congregants into trouble. Though the committee was concerned about his liberalism, they offered him the role, which he accepted, resigning from Temple Anshe Anusim.Zola (1997), pp. 235–237.
Nussbaum had a forceful personality, and was outspoken and not particularly tactful; some congregants remembered him decades after he retired as "headstrong" and "abrasive".Zola (1997), p. 234. He was a good educator, speaker, and pastor, and had a particular knack for composing original prayers.Zola (1997), pp. 234–235. Nussbaum found Beth Israel's membership highly assimilated,American Jewish Archives (2008). and, in his view, some congregants were "anti-Hebrew, anti-Israel, anti-everything!"Zola (1997), p. 237. He criticized members who put up Christmas trees (a large proportion did), and slowly re-introduced Jewish rituals such as bar mitzvahs to the congregation's practice. He also developed an annual educational program for adults, and added Hebrew studies.
Nussbaum supported Zionism and Israel, causes which his congregants typically publicly avoided. Upon arriving at Beth Israel he discovered that some of his richest members were supporters of the anti-Zionist American Council for Judaism, and he immediately prohibited them from meeting in the synagogue's premises, which, according to Nussbaum, "left its scars".Zola (1997), p. 238. He openly declared that Judaism was a religion distinct from Christianity, rather than just an Old Testament version of it. In 1955, Nussbaum organized the Mississippi Assembly of Jewish Congregations, which had representatives from all twenty-five of Mississippi's synagogues, and was elected its president.Zola (1997), p. 241. He was always keen on ecumenical work, but discovered that rabbis were excluded from the Jackson Ministerial Association, which was Protestant-only. He instead helped found the Jackson Interfaith Fellowship.Zola (1997), pp. 238–239.