The was a field gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Soviet-Japanese Border Wars and World War II. The Type 90 designation was given to this gun as it was accepted in the year 2590 of the Japanese calendar (1930).War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944 p 400 It was intended to replace the Type 38 75 mm field gun in front line combat units, but due to operational and budgetary constraints, the Type 38 continued to be used.Bishop, Chris. The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II
History and development Prior to World War I, the Imperial Japanese Army was largely equipped with Krupp cannons from Germany. After the Versailles Treaty, the Japanese switched to the French Schneider company, and purchased numerous examples for test and evaluation. With an army rearmament program starting in 1931, a new 75 mm field gun loosely based on the French Schneider et Cie Canon de 85 mle 1927 built for GreeceWar Department Special Series No 25 Japanese Field Artillery October 1944History of War was introduced, and labeled the "Type 90".Mayer, S. L. The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan, pp. 57-59
However, few units were built, and the design never achieved its intended purpose of replacing the Type 38 75 mm field gun. The Schneider design was very complex and expensive to build, requiring very tight dimensional tolerances that were beyond the limits of Japanese industry at the time. In particular, the recoil system required a high amount of complex maintenance, which was difficult to sustain in front line combat service.Mayer, S. L. The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan, p. 59
Design The Type 90 75 mm field gun was unique among Japanese artillery pieces in that it had a muzzle brake. The carriage was of the split trail type. The Type 90 was built in two version: one with wooden wheels suitable for animal (horse) draft, and another with solid rubber tires and a stronger suspension for towing by motor vehicles. The latter variant was designated as the Motorized Type 90 75 mm field gun (機動九〇式野砲, Kidō Kyūmaru-shiki yahō) Military catalogue of the Japanese military, p. 95 and weighed more.US Department of War. TM 30-480, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces
The Type 90 75 mm field gun was capable of firing high-explosive, armor-piercing, shrapnel, incendiary, smoke and illumination shells. Its range of for a weight of compared well with its contemporaries.
Combat record The Type 90 75 mm field gun was issued primarily to units based in Manchukuo, and was rarely deployed to the Pacific theatre of operations. Its initial use in combat was against the Soviet Red Army at the Battle of Nomonhan. When deployed later against Allied forces, it was often used as an anti-tank gun, as its high speed shells were effective against armored vehicles.MacLean, Donald B. Japanese Artillery: Weapons and Tactics It was also used at the Battle of the Philippines, Battle of Iwo Jima and Battle of Okinawa, often deployed together with armored units. The Type 90 continued to be used as field artillery until the surrender of Japan.Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: "Type 90 75mm Field Gun"
Variants The Type 90 formed the basis for the Type 3 75 mm tank gun used in the Type 3 Ho-Ni III Gun tank and Type 3 Chi-Nu medium tank.
References Notes
Bibliography Bishop, Chris (eds). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, Barnes & Nobel, 1998, McLean, Donald B. Japanese Artillery: Weapons and Tactics, Wickenburg, Ariz. Normount Technical Publications, 1973, Mayer, S. L. The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan, The Military Press, 1984,
US Department of War Special Series No 25 Japanese Field Artillery October 1944 US Department of War. TM 30-480, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, Louisiana State University Press, 1994,
Further reading Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Light and Medium Field Artillery. Macdonald and Jane's, 1975, Chant, Chris. Artillery of World War II, Zenith Press, 2001,