Jammu and Kashmir, also known as Kashmir and Jammu, was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British East India Company from 1846 to 1858, and under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown from 1858 until British withdrawal and the partition of British India in 1947. Following the subsequent First Kashmir War between India and Pakistan, it became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: China, India, and Pakistan. Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)." C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered mostly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." After the First Anglo-Sikh War, Kashmir Valley was annexed by British East India Company from the Sikhs as war indemnity, on 9 March 1846. Later, Jammu and Kashmir was formed, when Kashmir was sold to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for 75 lakh rupees, on 16 March 1846.

At the time of the partition of India and the political integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an uprising in the western districts against Hari Singh supported by informal militias from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, and the Pakistani army personnel, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded1st Edition Cold War in the High Himalayas The USA, China and South Asia in the 1950s By S. Mahmud Ali Copyright 1999( When tribal Pathan militias from Pakistan's North-West Frontiers joined Sudhan Pathan rebels fighting for freedom, Hari Singh fled to Jammu and reportedly signed a letter of accession to India.) Page 19 to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir to counter the invasion by tribal militias from Pakistan, which were assisted by the Pakistani government and military leadership. The western and northern districts now known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan with the support of Gilgit Scouts, while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line dividing the administration of the territory with the intercession of the United Nations which was supposed to be temporary but still persists.

Administration

According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows: Jammu province: Districts of Jammu, Jasrota (Kathua), Udhampur, Reasi and Mirpur. Kashmir province: Districts of Kashmir South (Anantnag), Kashmir North (Baramulla) and Muzaffarabad. Frontier districts: Wazarats of Ladakh and Gilgit. Internal jagirs: Poonch, Bhaderwah and Chenani. In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given: Ladakh wazarat: Tehsils of Leh, Skardu and Kargil. Gilgit wazarat: Tehsils of Gilgit and Astore Frontier illaqas: (under the Gilgit Agency) Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin, Kuh-Ghizer, Hunza, Nagar, Chilas.

Prime ministers of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1917–1947) #NameTook officeLeft office1Raja Sir Daljit Singh191719212Raja Hari Singh192519273Sir Albion BanerjeeJanuary 1927March 19294G. E. C. Wakefield192919315Hari Krishan Kaul193119326Elliot James Dowell Colvin193219367Sir Barjor J. Dalal193619368Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar1937July 19439Kailash Narain HaksarJuly 1943February 194410Sir B. N. RauFebruary 194428 June 194511Ram Chandra Kak28 June 194511 August 194712Janak Singh11 August 194715 October 194713Mehr Chand Mahajan15 October 194727 October 1947

Demographics Population

+ Population of Jammu & Kashmir Princely State by Province (1873–1941)Census YearJammu ProvinceKashmir ProvinceFrontier RegionsJammu & Kashmir Princely State 1873 938,641 491,846 104,485 1,534,972 1891 1,439,543 949,041 155,368 2,543,952 1901 1,521,307 1,157,394 226,877 2,905,578 1911 1,597,865 1,295,201 265,060 3,158,126 1921 1,640,259 1,407,086 273,173 3,320,518 1931 1,788,441 1,569,218 288,584 3,646,243 1941 1,981,433 1,728,705 311,478 4,021,616

Religion

+ Religious groups in Jammu & Kashmir Princely State (British India era)Religiousgroup189119011911192119311941 Islam 1,793,710 2,154,695 2,398,320 2,548,514 2,817,636 3,101,247 Hinduism 691,800 689,073 690,390 692,641 736,222 809,165 Buddhism 29,608 35,047 36,512 37,685 38,724 40,696 Tribal 16,615 134 51 Sikhism 11,399 25,828 31,553 39,507 50,662 65,903 Jainism 593 442 345 529 597 910 Christianity 218 422 975 1,634 2,263 3,509 Zoroastrianism 9 11 31 7 5 29 Judaism 10 Others 0 60 0 1 0 95 Total population 2,543,952 2,905,578 3,158,126 3,320,518 3,646,243 4,021,616

See also List of political parties in Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir Dogra dynasty Jammu and Kashmir Bodyguard Cavalry

References

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