The Kayagar languages are a small family of four closely related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken around the Cook River in Province of South Papua, Indonesia:New Guinea World, Gondu River
Atohwaim (Kaugat) Gondu River Kayagar (Kaygir) Tamagario (Arare–Pagai) Yogo ('Tamagario')
Proto-language Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:New Guinea World, Atohwaim
! !!colspan=2|Gondu River!!colspan=2|Atohwaim |- ! !!sg!!pl!!sg!!pl |- !1 |*nax ||*nep ||naxa ||nipi, neβi |- !2 |*ax ||*akan ||axa ||aʔani |- !3 |*ek ||*wep ||– ||–
Basic vocabulary Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:
{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Proto-Gondu River |- | head || *toxom |- | hair || *upm |- | ear || *itipaːm |- | eye || *sakam |- | nose || *jup |- | tooth || *o[x/ɣ]om |- | tongue || *maetap |- | foot/leg || *apit |- | blood || *jes |- | bone || *nomop |- | skin/bark || *pip |- | breast || *etum |- | louse || *num |- | dog || *epe |- | pig || *wakum |- | bird || *suopam |- | egg || *map-jaxam |- | tree/wood || *wom |- | man/person || *jo[k] |- | woman || *enop |- | sun || *taːm |- | moon || *xa[x/ɣ]atam |- | water || *o[x/ɣ]om |- | fire || *atu |- | stone || *maitn |- | path || *kamein |- | name || *na[k] |- | eat || *xapti |- | one || *pa[x/ɣ]amo[x/k] |- | two || *tousiki
Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970)McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. and Voorhoeve (1971, 1975),Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. tikem, toxom for “head”) or not (e.g. icoxop, iripam for “ear”).
{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Atohwaim !! Kayagar !! Tamagario |- ! head | tikem || toxom || tokom |- ! hair | upm || owpm || upm |- ! ear | icoxop || iripam || ipiram |- ! eye | saam || saxam || sakam |- ! nose | opom || jup || jup |- ! tooth | ukoxom || oxom || ukom |- ! tongue | menaxaram || marap || marap |- ! leg | apir || apir || apir |- ! louse | numu || soːm || |- ! dog | upoc || epere; epe(re) || epe |- ! pig | wakum || wakum || wakum |- ! bird | wakem || səpam || towpam |- ! egg | mapiam || mapiaxam || mapiakam |- ! blood | wis || jes; yes || jet; yet |- ! bone | nömöp || namop; nəmop || nomop |- ! skin | piep || pip || pip |- ! breast | ötöm || || erem |- ! tree | wim || wom || wom |- ! man | mapirie || jo; yo || jo; yo |- ! woman | enepe || onop || onop |- ! sun | teme || taam || taam |- ! moon | kaʔaram || xaxaram || kakaram |- ! water | oxom || oxom || okom |- ! fire | acu || aru || aru |- ! stone | iki || kakup || maitu |- ! road, path | sepmop || xami || kame |- ! eat | owp || xapri || kapri |- ! one | papriaxap || paxamu || pakamok |- ! two | coopm || tosigi || totigi
References
External links Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Gondu River (ibid.) Atohwaim