Voiced labiodental nasal

A voiced labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is instead transcribed as an with a dental diacritic: (for example in extIPA, where the two transcriptions are presented as variants).Duckworth et al. (1990) Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 4: 4: 276.

A labiodental pronunciation of is very similar to that of the bilabial nasal , but instead of the lips touching each other, the lower lip touches the upper teeth. The position of the lips and teeth is generally the same as for the production of the labiodental fricatives and , though air escapes between the lip and the teeth in the case of the fricatives. note that due to gaps between the incisors, which would allow for additional airflow, it is not known if a 'true occlusive' can occur with this gesture, though it still patterns as one.

Although commonly appearing in languages, is overwhelmingly an allophone restricted to a position before the labiodental consonants and . A phonemic has only been reported for the Kukuya language, where it contrasts with and is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips". It is before and before and , perhaps because labialization is constrained by the spread front vowels; it does not occur before the back (rounded) vowels and .

Nonetheless, is extremely common around the world phonetically, as it is the universal allophone of and a very common allophone of before the labiodental fricatives and , as for example in English comfort and circumvent, and, for many people, infinitive and invent. In the Angami language, occurs as an allophone of before . In Drubea, is reported as an allophone of before nasal vowels.

A proposal to retire the letter was made in the run-up to the Kiel Convention of 1989, with the labiodental nasal to be transcribed solely by , but the proposal was defeated in committee.Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practiceJIPA 18(2) p.85. A recommendation by extIPA was retired soon afterwards in response.

Features

Features of a voiced labiodental nasal:

Occurrence Phonemic is extremely rare. As an allophone of nasal consonants before or , however, is very common.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Arabic Hejazi 'clove' See Hejazi Arabic phonology Catalan 'lymph' See Catalan phonology Czech 'tram' See Czech phonology Danish 'symphony' See Danish phonology Dutch 'to fall over' See Dutch phonology English symphony 'symphony' Allophone of before and See English phonology. Finnish 'camphor' See Finnish phonology German 'five' See German phonology Greek 'embryo' Learned or careful pronunciation. See Modern Greek phonology Hebrew 'symphony' See Modern Hebrew phonology Hungarian 'head of state' See Hungarian phonology Italian 'instead' See Italian phonology Kukuya 'eyes' Phonemic, distinguishes and . Macedonian 'tram' See Macedonian phonology Norwegian 'stove' See Norwegian phonologyPolish 'symphony' See Polish phonology Romanian 'to learn' See Romanian phonology Russian 'amphora' See Russian phonology Serbo-Croatian / 'tram' Allophone of and before and . See Serbo-Croatian phonology Slovak 'amphitheater' See Slovak phonology Slovene 'symphony' Allophone of and before and . Spanish 'to deflate' See Spanish phonology Swedish 'in front of', 'performs' See Swedish phonology Turkish 'amphibian' See Turkish phonology West Frisian 'unsure' Allophone of before labiodental sounds. Yuanmen 'wear (a hat)' Was briefly phonemic before merging with .

Voiced labiodental nasal

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