Cypripedium parviflorum, commonly known as yellow lady's slipper or moccasin flower, is a lady's slipper orchid native to North America. It is widespread, ranging from Alaska south to Arizona and Georgia. It grows in fens, wetlands, shorelines, and damp woodlands.
Description
Plant: 16 to 60 cm tall, reported to 80 cm elsewhere: stem, bracts, and leaves pubescent; flower stem rises 10 cm above leaves; one flower, rarely two. Roots: few to many slender roots to 4 cm long on jointed rhizome. Leaves: ovate lanceolate, cauline, plicate, four to six on blooming plants, from 9 ⨉ 4 cm to 14 ⨉ 5 cm; covered with fine hairs on underside; a few hairs on topside. Floral bracts: ovate lanceolate bract at base of ovary, 7 ⨉ 2 cm. Flowers: bright yellow pouch with greenish to reddish sepals and petals; up to 10 cm high ⨉ 10 cm wide. Sepals: yellowish green with reddish stripes that turn to dots near pouch, fine hairs on back and edges; dorsal sepal ovate lanceolate, slightly concave, 4 ⨉ 2.2 cm; synsepal ellipitic, slightly concave; slight notch at tip, 3.2 ⨉ 1.4 cm. Petals: linear, acute, yellowish green with reddish stripes that turn to dots at pouch; 5.5 cm long ⨉ 0.7 cm wide; fine hairs on back along well-defined central ridge; few hairs on inner one-third toward pouch. Lip: bright yellow obovoid (pouch- or slipper-shaped), 3.2 cm wide ⨉ 4.0 cm high; opening 1.2 ⨉ 2.0 cm, with incurved margin; red dotted stripes on veins and faint reddish dots on inside and back of pouch. Column: light green with red dots at base, 1.5 cm high; two fertile anthers, one to either side; staminode yellow with red dots, arrowhead-shaped, with V form (folded); pollinia yellow sticky masses. Capsule: ellipsoidal, pubescent, 2.2 to 3 cm long ⨉ 0.6 to 1.3 cm in diameter
Taxonomy Cypripedium parviflorum was given its scientific name in 1791 by Richard Anthony Salisbury. It is classified as part of the genus Cypripedium as part of the family Orchidaceae. C. parviflorum is a highly variable species, which is a result of both hybridization and phenotypic plasticity.
Four varieties are widely recognized. They are:
C. parviflorum var. exiliens Sheviak – Alaska C. parviflorum var. makasin (Farwell) Sheviak – commonly called the "northern yellow lady's-slipper"; widely distributed over much of Canada and the northern United States C. parviflorum var. parviflorum – commonly called the "small yellow lady's-slipper"; southern part of the species range, from eastern Nebraska and eastern Oklahoma east to Virginia and New Hampshire C. parviflorum var. pubescens (Willdenow) O. W. Knight – commonly called the "large yellow lady's-slipper"; very widespread across much of United States, Canada, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon; treated by many authors as a distinct species, Cypripedium pubescens
Cypripedium parviflorum has synonyms of the species or three of its four varieties.
Table of Synonyms Name Year Rank Synonym of: Notes Calceolus parviflorus 1913 species C. parviflorum ≡ hom. Criosanthes parviflora 1838 species C. parviflorum ≡ hom. Cypripedium assurgens 1833 species var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium aureum 1833 species var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium bifidum 1833 species var. parviflorum = het. Cypripedium bulbosum var. flavescens 1913 variety var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium bulbosum var. parviflorum 1913 variety C. parviflorum ≡ hom. Cypripedium bulbosum var. pubescens 1927 variety var. pubescens ≡ hom. Cypripedium calceolus subsp. parviflorum 1967 subspecies C. parviflorum ≡ hom. Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum 1946 variety C. parviflorum ≡ hom. Cypripedium calceolus var. planipetalum 1940 variety var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens 1938 variety var. pubescens ≡ hom. Cypripedium calceolus f. rupestre 1940 form var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium flavescens 1803 species var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium furcatum 1833 species var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium hirsutum var. parviflorum 1907 variety C. parviflorum ≡ hom. Cypripedium luteum 1828 species var. parviflorum = het. Cypripedium luteum var. angustifolium 1828 variety var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium luteum var. biflorum 1828 variety var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium luteum var. concolor 1828 variety var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium luteum var. glabrum 1828 variety var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium luteum var. grandiflorum 1828 variety var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium luteum var. maculatum 1828 variety var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium luteum var. parviflorum 1828 variety C. parviflorum ≡ hom. Cypripedium luteum var. pubescens 1828 variety var. pubescens ≡ hom. Cypripedium makasin 1918 species var. makasin = het. Cypripedium parviflorum f. albolabium 1989 form var. parviflorum = het. Cypripedium parviflorum var. planipetalum 1926 variety var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium parviflorum f. planipetalum 2012 form var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium planipetalum 1929 species var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium pubescens 1804 species var. pubescens ≡ hom. Cypripedium pubescens var. makasin 1918 variety var. makasin ≡ hom. Cypripedium undatum 1833 species var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium veganum 1900 species var. pubescens = het. Cypripedium vittatum 1833 species var. pubescens = het., nom. illeg. Cypripedium vittatum var. tortile 1833 variety var. pubescens = het. Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym; = heterotypic synonym
Distribution and habitat
Distribution
Newfoundland to British-Columbia, south to Georgia, Arizona, and Washington; Europe. Newfoundland to Alaska and south to Oregon in the West. In the East along the Atlantic Coast, it is in every state except Florida and extends across to Louisiana and eastern Texas. New Mexico state: Catron, Colfax, Grant, Los Alamos, Otero, San Miguel, San Juan and Santa Fe Counties. Arizona state: Apache, Graham, and Greenlee Counties.
Habitat
C. parviflorum is a more upland plant preferring subacidic to neutral soils. It is found primarily in mesic to dry-mesic upland forests, woodlands with deep humus or layers of leaf litter and shaded boggy habitats, but also in hill prairies and occasionally in wetlands with organic, well-drained, sandy soils. Specifically, in fir, pine, and aspen forest between , it prefers moderate shade to nearly full sun. It may be present in mountain meadows and on timbered slopes, as well as dripping seeps on steep to moderately sloped canyon walls.
References
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