Birthstone

A birthstone is a gemstone that represents a person's birth period, usually the month. Birthstones are often worn as jewelry or a pendant necklace.

History Western custom The first-century historian Josephus believed there was a connection between the twelve stones in Aaron's breastplate (signifying the Twelve Tribes of Israel, as described in the Book of Exodus), the twelve months of the year, and the twelve signs of the zodiac. Translations and interpretations of the passage in Exodus regarding the breastplate have varied widely, with Josephus himself giving two different lists for the twelve stones. George Frederick Kunz argues that Josephus saw the breastplate of the Second Temple, not the one described in Exodus. St. Jerome, referencing Josephus, said the Foundation Stones of the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:19–20) would be appropriate for Christians.

In the eighth and ninth centuries, religious treatises associating a particular stone with an apostle were written so that "their name would be inscribed on the Foundation Stones, and his virtue." Practice became to keep twelve stones and wear one a month. The custom of wearing a single birthstone is only a few centuries old, though modern authorities differ on dates. Kunz places the custom in eighteenth-century Poland, while the Gemological Institute of America starts it in Germany in the 1560s.

Modern lists of birthstones have little to do with either the breastplate or the Foundation Stones of Christianity. Tastes, customs, and confusing translations have distanced them from their historical origins, with one author calling the 1912 Kansas list (see below) "nothing but a piece of unfounded salesmanship."

Some poems match each month of the Gregorian calendar with a birthstone. These are traditional stones of English-speaking societies. Tiffany & Co. published these poems "of unknown author" for the first time in a pamphlet in 1870.

Modern birthstones In August 1912, to standardize birthstones, the (American) National Association of Jewelers (now called Jewelers of America) met in Kansas City and officially adopted a list. The Jewelry Industry Council of America updated the list in 1952 by adding alexandrite for June, citrine for November and pink tourmaline for October. They also replaced December's lapis lazuli with zircon and switched the primary/alternative gems for March. The American Gem Trade Association added tanzanite as a December birthstone in 2002. In 2016, the American Gem Trade Association and Jewelers of America added spinel as an additional birthstone for August.National Jeweler Magazine, "JA, AGTA Add Spinel as August Birthstone" Britain's National Association of Goldsmiths created its own standardized list of birthstones in 1937. In 2021, Japanese industry associations added ten new types of birthstones.

Hindu tradition Hinduism recognizes a similar range of gemstones associated with birth, though rather than associating a gem with a birth month, gemstones are associated with celestial bodies. Astrology determines the gemstones most closely associated with and beneficial to a particular individual. There are nine gemstones related to the Navagraha (celestial forces including the planets, the Sun, and the Moon), known in Sanskrit as Navaratna (nine gems). At birth, an astrological chart is calculated. Specific stones are recommended to be worn on the body to supposedly ward off potential problems based on the place of these forces in the sky at the exact place and time of birth.

Birthstones by time frame Month 15th–20th century U.S. (1912) UK (2013) U.S. (2019) January Garnet Garnet Garnet Garnet February Amethyst, hyacinth, pearl Amethyst Amethyst Amethyst March Bloodstone, jasper Bloodstone, aquamarine Aquamarine, bloodstone Aquamarine, bloodstone April Diamond, sapphire Diamond Diamond, rock crystal Diamond May Emerald, agate Emerald Emerald, chrysoprase Emerald June Cat's eye, turquoise, agate Pearl, moonstone Pearl, moonstone Pearl, moonstone, alexandrite July Turquoise, onyx Ruby Ruby, carnelian Ruby August Sardonyx, carnelian, moonstone, topaz Sardonyx, peridot Peridot, sardonyx Peridot, spinel, sardonyx September Chrysolite Sapphire Sapphire, lapis lazuli Sapphire October Opal, aquamarine Opal, tourmaline Opal Opal, tourmaline November Topaz, pearl Topaz Topaz, citrine Topaz, citrine December Bloodstone, ruby Turquoise, lapis lazuli Tanzanite, turquoise Turquoise, zircon, tanzanite

Zodiacal Tropical zodiac

Sign Dates Stone Aries 21 March – 19 April Bloodstone Taurus 20 April – 20 May Sapphire Gemini 21 May – 20 June Agate Cancer 21 June – 22 July Emerald Leo 23 July – 22 August Onyx Virgo 23 August – 22 September Carnelian Libra 23 September – 22 October Chrysolite Scorpio 23 October – 21 November Beryl Sagittarius 22 November – 21 December Topaz Capricorn 22 December – 19 January Ruby Aquarius 20 January – 18 February Garnet Pisces 19 February – 20 March Amethyst

Birthday (day of the week) stones While the term "birthday stone" is sometimes used as a synonym for a birthstone, each day of the week is also assigned a unique gemstone, and these assignments are distinct from the monthly assignments.

Day of the WeekStonesSundayTopaz, diamondMondayPearl, crystalTuesdayRuby, emeraldWednesdayAmethyst, lodestoneThursdaySapphire, carnelianFridayEmerald, cat's eyeSaturdayTurquoise, diamond

Gallery

Birthstone

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