Auckland Island () is the main island of the eponymous uninhabited archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. It is part of the New Zealand subantarctic area. It is inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage list together with the other New Zealand Subantarctic Islands in the region.
Geography
The island has a land area of about , and is long. It was formed 25 to 10 million years ago from a huge volcanic pile which formed two domes – one centred around Carnley Harbour in the south and another (the Ross Dome) around Disappointment Island to the west. The island is made of volcanic scoria, blanketed in over 2m of peat. It is notable for its steep cliffs and rugged terrain, which rises to over . Prominent peaks include Cavern Peak, at ; Mount Raynal, at ; Mount D'Urville, at ; Mount Easton, at ; and the Tower of Babel, at .
The southern end of the island broadens to a width of , encompassing Carnley Harbour. At the western side a very narrow channel known as Victoria Passage separates the main island from the smaller Adams Island. Adams Island and the southern part of the main island form the crater rim; north of Carnley Harbour's mouth lies Cape Lovitt, the westernmost point of New Zealand.
Flora
There are distinct vegetation zones. There is a band of Southern rātā Metrosideros umbellata around the coast apart from on the western side, the height of which is determined by the shelter, aspect and degree of the slope. The rātā forest may extend into the Chionochloa tussock grasslands but in most places merges into a thick band of low, tight scrub dominated by Dracophyllum longifolium, Ozothamnus vauvilliersii and Myrsine divaricata. This scrub band is almost impenetrable and in places is dense enough to walk on top of.
An expedition report from 1907 describes the scrub thusly:
The scrub band breaks into patches and transitions into extensive grassland of Chionochloa antarctica which in turn merges into a sparsely vegetated fellfield community on the most exposed alpine areas. The megaherbs Anisotome antipoda, Anisotome latifolia, Bulbinella rossii, Pleurophyllum criniferum, Pleurophyllum hookeri, Pleurophyllum speciosum and Stilbocarpa polaris were historically found from the coast into the alpine, however the distribution and populations of these species have been severely impacted by the actions of introduced pigs.
Marine mammals Port Ross at the north end of Auckland Island is the only breeding site for the New Zealand population of southern right whales. Up to 400 may be found in the harbour during the winter months, and are regularly surveyed by the University of Otago.
A breeding population of New Zealand sea lions is found on the island. 80% of the total population live and breed in the archipelago. The New Zealand Department of Conservation has conducted an annual survey of the population on the islands since 1994.
Bird life The island is part of the Auckland Island group Important Bird Area (IBA), identified as such by BirdLife International because of the significance of the group as a breeding site for several species of seabirds.BirdLife International. (2012). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Auckland Islands. Downloaded from on 23 January 2012.
The Gibson's albatross Diomedea antipodensis gibsoni, Auckland shag Leucocarbo colensoi, Auckland teal Anas aucklandica, Auckland rail Lewinia muelleri and Auckland snipe Coenocorypha aucklandica are all endemic to the Auckland Island group. Of these only shags are currently breeding on main Auckland Island, in areas where introduced cats and pigs cannot access their nests.
The Auckland Island merganser Mergus australis went extinct in 1902. The population is thought to have been 20–30 breeding pairs prior to predation by introduced pigs and cats. The last specimen was collected as a museum specimen in January 1902.
+List of resident bird species on Auckland IslandEnglish nameMāori nameScientific nameNew Zealand Threat StatusEstimated no. breeding pairs on Auckland Islands groupPercentage of world population on Auckland Islands groupStatus on main Auckland IslandGibson's albatrossDiomedea antipodensis gibsoniNationally critical> 5,800100RareSouthern royal albatrossToroaDiomedea epomophoraNaturally uncommon< 1001Rare, breedingNorthern royal albatross ToroaDiomedea sanfordiNaturally uncommon2< 0.01AbsentNZ white-capped albatrossThalassarche cautasteadiDeclining95,900> 99Local coloniesLight-mantled sooty albatrossPēō / kōputu / toroa haunui / toroa ruru / toroa pangoPhobetria palpebrataDeclining < 5,000< 23OccasionalNorthern giant petrelPāngurunguruMacronectes halliNaturally uncommon3403RareYellow-eyed penguinsHoiho / takarahaMegadyptes antipodesNationally vulnerable< 55035–40BreedingEastern rockhopper penguinEudyptes filholiNationally critical< 3,0001Local coloniesErect-crested penguinEudyptes sclateriDecliningNo recent recordsUnknownAbsentSnares Cape petrelDaption capense australeNaturally uncommon> 101AbsentWhite-chinned petrelProcellaria aequinoctialisDeclining> 153,00013AbsentWhite-headed petrelPterodroma lessoniiNot threatened> 100,00040AbsentSooty shearwaterTītī (juve.) hakoko (ad.) / hākēkeke / koakoa / totorore / takakau / ōiPuffinus griseusDeclining> 10,000< 1AbsentSubantarctic diving petrelPelecanoides urinatrixexsulNot threatened> 1,000< 1AbsentBlack-bellied storm petrelFregetta tropicaNot threatened> 10,000> 10AbsentNZ white-faced storm petrelTakahikare / takahikare-moanaPelagodroma marina maorianaRelict> 10< 1AbsentGrey-backed storm petrelReoreoGarrodia neresisRelict> 1,000> 10AbsentLesser fulmar prionPachyptia crassirostrisNaturally uncommon< 1,000100AbsentAntarctic prionTotorore / whiroiaPachyptila desolataNaturally uncommon100,000< 1RareAuckland Island shagKōau / kawau general name for shag or cormorantLeucocarbo colensoiNationally vulnerable1,500100RareNew Zealand Antarctic ternSterna vittata bethuneiRecovering> 50> 10RareSouthern white-fronted ternSterna sternaDeclining> 50< 1RareRed-billed gullTarāpunga / akiaki / katatē / taketake / makorā / karehākoaLarus novaehollandiae scopulinusNationally vulnerable< 300< 1RareSouthern Black-backed GullRāpunga / karoro / kōtingotingo (juve.) / pohio (juve.) / kaiē (juve.) / toie (chick)Larus dominicanus dominicanusNot threatened< 500< 1OccasionalSubantarctic brown skuaHākoakoaCatharacta antarctica lonnbergiNaturally uncommon> 50< 1OccasionalAuckland Island tealTētē wheroAnas aucklandicaNationally vulnerable500100AbsentNew Zealand falconKareareaFalco novaeseelandiaeNationally vulberable> 15> 1RareAuckland Island banded dotterelPohowera / piopio /Charadrius bicinctusNaturally uncommon> 300100RareAuckland Island railLewinia muelleriNaturally uncommonUnknown100AbsentAuckland Island snipeHōkio / hākuai/ hākuwai / hōkioCoenocorypha aucklandica aucklandicaNaturally uncommonUnknown100AbsentRuddy turnstoneArenaria interpresMigrantRegular in small numbers< 0.1RareAuckland Island tomtitNgirungiru / piropiro / kōmiromiroPetroica macrocephela marrineriNaturally uncommonUnknown100BreedingAuckland Island pipitHīoi / pīhoihoi / whioi / kātaitai / whāioio / manu kahakiAnthus novaeseelandiae aucklandicusRecovering> 1,000100BreedingRed-crowned parakeetKakariki / porete / kākāwaiariki / kākāwariki / kawariki / pōreterete / pōwhaitere / torete / tōretereteCyanoramphus novaezelandiaeRelictUnknownUnknownOccasionalYellow-crowned parakeetKakariki / porete / kākāwaiariki / kākāwariki / kawariki / pōreterete / pōwhaitere / torete / tōretereteCyanoramphus auricepsNot threatenedUnknownUnknownRareTuiTūīProsthemadera novaeseelandiaeNot threatenedUnknownUnknownOccasionalBellbirdKorimakoAnthornis melanuraNot threatenedUnknownUnknownCommonSilvereyePihipihi / tauhou / hiraka / iringatau / kanohi mōwhiti / mōtengitengi / pīkaraihe / poporohe / whiorangiZosterops lateralisNot threatenedUnknownUnknownCommon
Introduced species There are currently introduced pigs, cats and mice on Auckland Island. Auckland Island is the only island within the New Zealand Subantarctic Island Area with invasive mammalian pests. A project proposed by the Department of Conservation aims to remove these pests from the island, with feasibility trials started in 2018.
DNA analysis suggests that mice—Mus musculus—did not colonise Auckland Island from a New Zealand population but instead arrived with whalers or sealers from North America. They eat invertebrates, seeds, other plant material, native fish eggs and can eat bird eggs and chicks. They severely deplete invertebrate populations, reduce the seedbank, eat seedlings & plants and compete with birds for food resources.
Domestic cats—Felis catus—were first recorded at Terror Cove in 1840, presumably introduced by sealers, but most likely arrived in the two decades prior to this. The impact of cats on the birds of Auckland Island was first noted by the Coastwatchers, who tamed some for company – the Ranui Station cats were recorded to kill 60 Antarctic prions over three months in 1942. Ornithologist Brian Bell found that prions were confined to cliff faces at Crozier Point in 1962 and noted "any bird landing...[fell] an immediate prey to the feral cats.". Gut content and scat analysis show that cats are feeding on small passerines and seabirds. A cat was seen feeding on a pre-fledging juvenile white-capped mollymawk at South West Cape.
Goats were introduced to the Auckland Islands several times in the second half of the nineteenth century, to serve as a source of food for castaway sailors, with at least one liberation in 1865 on the main Auckland Island. By the 1970s, only one population remained, a group of about 100 based on the northwest side of Port Ross, in the north-east of the main island. Browsing by goats caused significant damage to lowland tussock Chinochloa antarctica in particular. In 1986 and 1987, over 60 animals were removed from the island for captive breeding in New Zealand. A decision was made to eradicate the remaining animals, an operation which was completed by 1992. An investigation in 1999 into the fate of the translocated animals in New Zealand found that the breed had become extinct.
Pigs—Sus scrofa—were first introduced at Port Ross in the north of Auckland Island in 1807 by Captain Abraham Bristow and several further liberations occurred in the 19th century. The pigs were intended as a food source for shipwreck survivors and sealers. Auckland Island pigs are a feral race of domestic pigs which are considered a distinct breed by the Rare Breeds Conservation Society of New Zealand. Pigs have had a severe impact on populations of megaherbs, with populations of these plants on Auckland Island being almost totally depleted by the early 1900s.
Dunnocks, common redpolls, Eurasian blackbirds, song thrushes and common starlings which were introduced onto mainland New Zealand have naturally established on Auckland Island.
Olearia lyalli is a tree asterad native to New Zealand which may have arrived with humans in the 19th century. It is spreading from a historic settlement site at Erebus Cove and covers neighbouring Ewing Island. Harakeke, Phormium tenax, is found at Erebus Cove, Sealer's Creek, Ranui Cove and Tandy Inlet, and was introduced probably by the second wave of sealers to visit the island, to make rope, twine, baskets, mats etc. Koromiko, Veronica salicifolia, was first reported in 1975 around the Lindley Point farmhouse site at Deas Head, built in 1851.
In February 2025, the Department of Conservation (DOC) announced a pest eradication project on the island. The project, part of the Island-Ocean Connection Challenge (IOCC), targets three islands up to 15 times larger than any previously cleared of pests in New Zealand. The goal is to remove invasive species, restore ecosystems, and protect native wildlife, including kākāpō, seabirds, and rare plants. The total project cost is estimated at $202 million, with $54 million from the government and $11.5 million raised through philanthropy, leaving $137 million still needed.