Ahl al-Kisa (), also known as the Al al-Aba (), are the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima, his cousin and son-in-law Ali, and their two sons Hasan and Husayn. The name is associated with the Hadith of the Cloak and the Event of Mubahala, both of which are widely reported in Sunni and Shia sources. Muhammad gathered Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn under his cloak and identified them as members of his family (Ahl al-Bayt). He then prayed to God to purify and bless them, emphasizing their special spiritual status and closeness to him.

Ali, Hasan, and Husayn are the first three Shia Imams and rightful successors of Muhammad. Shia Muslims regard them as infallible and emphasize their suffering and martyrdom. Sunni Muslims likewise honor them as members of Muhammad’s family (Ahl al-Bayt) and hold them in very high esteem. However, Sunnis generally emphasize their virtue, closeness to Muhammad, and moral excellence rather than regarding them as divinely appointed religious leaders.

Origins of the name Hadith of the

According to the hadith of the , on one occasion at least, Muhammad gathered his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons Hasan and Husayn under his cloak and then prayed, "O God, these are my () and my closest family members; remove defilement from them and purify them completely," where this last statement is a reference to verse 33:33 of the Quran, known also as the verse of purification. These five have thus become known as the Ahl al-Kisa ().

Variants of this tradition can be found in , , and , all canonical collections in Sunni Islam. Other versions are reported by the Sunni scholars ibn Kathir (), al-Wahidi (), Qadi Baydawi (), al-Baghawi (), al-Suyuti (), al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (), and al-Tabari (), and by the Twelver Shi'a exegete Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i (), among many others.

Event of the

After an inconclusive discussion about Jesus between Muhammad and a delegation from the Christian community of Najran, both parties decided to engage in , where they would pray to invoke God's curse upon whoever was the liar. Linked to this ordeal is verse 3:61 of the Quran, also known as the "verse of the ", which instructed Muhammad: The delegation withdrew from the challenge and negotiated for peace.

The majority of reports indicate that Muhammad appeared for the occasion of the accompanied by Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn. Such reports are presented by the early scholars ibn Ishaq (), Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (), Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (), al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (), and ibn Kathir (), among others. Some traditions about the add that Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak.

In the Quran

Families of the past prophets hold a prominent position in the Quran. Therein, their descendants become spiritual and material heirs to keep their fathers' covenants intact. Muhammad's close kin are also mentioned in the Quran in various contexts.

Verse of purification

Also known as the verse of purification, the last passage of verse 33:33 reads, "God only desires to remove defilement from you, O Ahl al-Bayt, and to purify you completely." Muslims disagree as to who belongs to the Ahl al-Bayt (). Shia Islam limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the Ahl al-Kisa, namely, Muhammad, Fatima, Ali, Hasan and Husayn. The verse of purification is thus regarded in Shia Islam as evidence of the infallibility of the Ahl al-Kisa. Shias also believe in the redemptive power of the pain and martyrdom endured by the Ahl al-Bayt (particularly by Husayn) for those who empathize with their divine cause and suffering. There are various views in Sunni Islam, though a typical compromise is to also include Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.

Verse of the

Known as the verse of the (), verse 42:23 of the Quran contains the passage, "[O Mohammad!] Say, 'I ask not of you any reward for it, save affection among kinsfolk.'" The Shia-leaning historian ibn Ishaq narrates that Muhammad specified that the relatives ) in this verse are Ali, Fatima, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn. This is also the view of some Sunni scholars, including al-Razi, Baydawi, and ibn al-Maghazli. Most Sunni authors, however, reject the Shia view and offer various alternatives; chief among them is that this verse enjoins love for kin in general.

Verses 76:522 Verses 76:5-22 are connected to the Ahl al-Kisa in most Shia and some Sunni sources, including the works of the Shia exegete al-Tabarsi (), and the Sunni scholars al-Qurtubi () and al-Alusi (). According to these authors, verses 76:522 were revealed to Muhammad after Ali, Fatima, Hasan, Husayn, and their maidservant Fidda gave away their only meal of the day to beggars who visited their home, for three consecutive days. In particular, verses 76:712 read,

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