Czech Republic–Russia relations are the bilateral foreign relations between the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation. Relations have substantially deteriorated in recent years due to events such as the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russian sabotage of Czech ammunition depot in Vrbětice in 2014, poisoning of Sergei Skripal in 2018 and Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.

Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe (though Russia's membership has been suspended) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. The Czech Republic has an embassy in Moscow. The Russian Federation has an embassy in Prague.

Background

During the entire medieval period and early modern period, the Czech lands, in the form of Duchy of Bohemia and Kingdom of Bohemia, were aligned with the Catholic Holy Roman Empire and later Austrian Empire.

Before the Soviet-led invasion in 1968, the Czechs were a predominantly Russophile nation and viewed Russia positively, having seen it as a potential Slavic ally and protector from the German threat since the Czech National Revival in the 19th century.

1934-1945

Czechoslovakia recognized the Soviet Union de jure and the countries established diplomatic relations in June 1934. On 16 May 1935, the Czechoslovak–Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance was signed between the two governments that followed the similar treaty between the USSR and France, which was Czechoslovakia's major ally.Institute of Marxism–Leninism of the CPCz CC, Institute of Marxism–Leninism of the CPS CC. An Outline of the History of the CPCz. Prague: Orbis Press Agency, 1980. p. 158.

Following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia and the establishment of the pro-German Slovak state in March 1939, the Soviet Union promptly recognized the new status quo and terminated diplomatic relations with Czech representatives. Shortly after the Munich Agreement, many Czechoslovak Communists gained asylum in the Soviet Union, however hundreds of non-communist refugees were sent to labour camps.

Cold War (1945–1989) Following World War II pre-war Czechoslovakia was re-established, with the exception of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, which was annexed by the Soviet Union. The Czechoslovak parliamentary elections of 1946 were won by the pro-Soviet Czechoslovak communists. The pro-Soviet coup d'état in February 1948 resulted in Czechoslovakia becoming part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc, and it was one of the founding members of the Warsaw Pact in May 1955. In August 1968, in response to the Prague Spring pro-democracy reforms of the Czech government, the Soviet-led invasion re-established the hardline Communist rule by force. 108 Czechs and Slovaks died and approximately 500 were wounded as a direct result of the invasion. This damaged relations between the two countries. In 1968–69, Czechoslovakia was turned into a federation of the Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic. However, the centralised political control by the Czechoslovak Communist Party severely limited the effects of federalisation.

Post-Cold War history

1989–2020

Following the Velvet Revolution of 1989, the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 and the dissolution of Czechoslovakia on 31 December 1992 into two countries, Russia immediately recognised the independent Czech Republic and the two states established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993. During an official visit by Russia's president Boris Yeltsin to the Czech Republic in August 1993, the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation was signed by Yeltsin and Czech president Václav Havel.

The independent Czech Republic re-aligned its foreign policy and economic interests with Western allies throughout the 1990s, and joined NATO in March 1999 and the European Union in May 2004.

In December 2011, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev visited Prague, to sign economic contracts and cultural exchange. Both countries considered each other as an important economic partner.

As a response to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine from 2014, the Czech Republic has participated in enacting economic sanctions against Russia.

Also in 2014, two significant explosions occurred at an ammunition depot in Vrbětice, a village in the Zlín District of eastern Moravia, Czech Republic. The first explosion took place on 16 October, destroying Warehouse No.16 and resulting in the deaths of two employees. The second explosion occurred on 3 December leading to the evacuation of nearby residents. These incidents caused extensive damage and led to an ongoing cleanup operation that concluded in October 2020, costing approximately CZK 1 billion. Investigations by Czech authorities revealed that the explosions were acts of sabotage carried out by operatives from the Russian military intelligence agency GRU, specifically Unit 29155. The operatives involved included Alexander Mishkin and Anatoliy Chepiga, who were also implicated in the 2018 Salisbury poisoning in the UK. Their objective was to disrupt arms shipments, possibly destined for Ukraine or Syria, by targeting the depot managed by the Imex Group.

In March 2018, the Czech Republic expelled three Russian diplomats as a reaction to the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in the United Kingdom.Julian Borger, Patrick Wintour, Heather Stewart. Czechs expel three Russian diplomats after UK chemical attack. Reuters. Published on 26 March 2018.

In March 2018, the Czech Republic arrested and extradited a Russian hacker into the United States on American request.Czech Republic defies Russia, extradites 'hacker' to United States. Deutsche Welle. 30 March 2018.

In late 2010s, the controversy about the statue of Ivan Konev in Prague has been one of the issues that caught public attention in this area.

Miloš Zeman, president of the Czech Republic from March 2013, has been described by American state broadcaster Radio Free Europe as "one of the European Union's most Kremlin-friendly leaders". Zeman has supported Russia on issues such as the Russian annexation of Crimea, thereby defying NATO's and EU's official policies. In February 2022, Zeman condemned Russia's invasion of Ukraine and called for tough sanctions to isolate "the madman" Putin.

2021–present On 17 April 2021, the Czech prime minister Andrej Babiš announced that the Czech Republic was expelling 18 Russian diplomats it had identified as GRU and SVR spies — after the Czech intelligence agencies had concluded that Russian military intelligence officers, namely members of Russian military intelligence GRU's unit 29155, were involved in two massive ammunition depot explosions in Vrbětice (part of Vlachovice), near the Czech–Slovak border, in October 2014. Shortly after, the Czech Republic formally informed the NATO allies on the matter and requested a joint statement at the NATO level as well as a follow-up North Atlantic Council meeting "to discuss other possible coordinated steps". In the wake of the expulsion, Bloomberg News commented that "in a rare act of unity, Zeman took the government’s side against Putin". The Russian government responded by expelling 20 Czech diplomats.

Following Russia's own diplomatic response of expelling Czech diplomats, the newly appointed Czech foreign minister Jakub Kulhánek on 21 April gave the Russian government an ultimatum saying Russia had until 12 p.m. the next day to allow the return of all the Czech diplomats it had expelled from Moscow back to the Czech Embassy in Moscow and if that did not happen "he would cut the number of Russian Embassy staff in Prague so it would correspond to the current situation at the Czech Embassy in Moscow". On 22 April, as Russia refused to abide with the Czech demands in returning Czech staff to the Embassy in Moscow, the Czech foreign ministry announced it was reducing and capping the number of staff at the Russian Embassy in Prague at the current number of their staff in Moscow; the Russian embassy staff were required to leave the Czech Republic by 31 May 2021. The Czech government response was followed with support by a number of other EU countries expelling Russia's diplomatic personnel. The Russian government responded by setting the Czech Republic on its 'unfriendly countries list' along with the United States. As a result, the Czech embassy in Moscow are allowed to only hire up to 19 Russian locals, while the U.S. embassy in Moscow are not allowed to hire any Russian locals.

In November 2023 the Czech government froze all Russian State assets in their country, blocking the sale of land and buildings and bank accounts associated with the rental of such assets.

In 2024, Czech Foreign Minister Jan Lipavský summoned Russia's ambassador in Prague following an attack on a children's hospital in Kyiv, saying those who carried out the strike were the "dregs of humanity".Jason Hovet (10 July 2024), Czech minister calls attackers of Kyiv hospital 'dregs of humanity' Reuters.

Official visits GuestHostPlace of visitDate of visit General Secretary Yuri Andropov President Gustáv HusákPrague 3–5 January 1983 General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev President Gustáv HusákPrague 9–12 April 1987 President Boris Yeltsin President Václav HavelPrague1993 President Vladimir Putin President Václav KlausPrague 1–2 March 2006 President Dmitry Medvedev President Václav KlausPrague 7–8 April 2010 President Dmitry Medvedev President Václav KlausPrague 7–8 December 2011

Trade

The value of trade between the Czech Republic and Russia is in billions of US dollars. Most imports from Russia into the Czech Republic are raw materials such as fuels and metals; exports from the Czech Republic to Russia are mostly manufactured products.Rusko: Obchodní a ekonomická spolupráce s ČR (Czech). BusinessInfo.cz. 23. 6. 2017.

However, Russia was a smaller trade partner for the Czech Republic in 2016 following its economic downturn in 2015, as it was the destination of only 1.7% for Czech exports in 2016. The vast majority of exports from the Czech Republic go to other EU membersFIELD LISTING :: EXPORTS - PARTNERS. CIA The World Factbook. (84.1% in 2016)Vyvážené zboží míří z 84 procent do EU. Do Ruska jde minimum. ČT24. 13. 9. 2016. while most imports into the Czech Republic come from other EU members (76,6% in 2013) Podíl dovozu ze zemí EU 28 na celkovém dovozu (%) (Czech). Czech Statistical Office. or from China (7,3% in 2016).FIELD LISTING :: IMPORTS - PARTNERS. CIA The World Factbook. Despite that Czech-Russian trade was still higher than with US trade, reaching 9.21 billion US dollar for the Czech Republic in 2019. Czech exports to Russia grew 38.8% in 2016 to 2019.

In 2021 Russian exports to Czechia were $6.14 billion with natural gas being the main product. Czechia exports were $4.25 billion with vehicle parts being the main trade item. Between 1995 and 2021 Russian exports rose by an average of 5.28% p.a. with imports rising by 7.69% p.a.

Czech imports of Russian gas ceased in 2022 with crude oil continuing to be imported until the Litvinov refinery can be adapted to process sweeter grades from other sources.

Public opinion