The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology:
Immunology – study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms.Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
Essence of immunology
Immunology Branch of Biomedical science Immune system Immunity
Branches of immunology: General Immunology Basic Immunology Advanced Immunology Medical Immunology Pharmaceutical Immunology Clinical Immunology Environmental Immunology Cellular and Molecular Immunology Food and Agricultural Immunology
Classical immunology Clinical immunology Computational immunology Diagnostic immunology Evolutionary immunology Systems immunology Immunomics Immunoproteomics Immunophysics Immunochemistry Ecoimmunology Immunopathology Nutritional immunology Psychoneuroimmunology Reproductive immunology Circadian immunology Immunotoxicology Palaeoimmunology Tissue-based immunology Testicular immunology - Testes Immunodermatology - Skin Intravascular immunology - Blood Osteoimmunology - Bone Mucosal immunology - Mucosal surfaces Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system - Respiratory tract Neuroimmunology - Neuroimmune system in the Central nervous system Ocularimmunology - Ocular immune system in the Eye Cancer immunology/Immunooncology - Tumors
History of immunology
History of immunology Timeline of immunology
General immunological concepts Immunity: Immunity against: Pathogens Pathogenic bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Parasites Tumors Allergens Self-proteins Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Cross-reactivity Tolerance Central tolerance Peripheral tolerance Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Antigen Antigenicity Immunogen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Tumor antigen Antigen-antibody interaction Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V(D)J recombination Artemis complex Recombination-activating gene RAG1 RAG2 Recombination signal sequences Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching Allelic exclusion Polyclonal response Phagocytosis Opsonin Intrinsic immunity Leukocyte extravasation Cross-presentation Immune repertoire Original antigenic sin Antigen presentation Immunological synapse Co-stimulation
Components of the immune system
Immune system
Adaptive immune system
Adaptive immune system Humoral immunity Antibodies Kinds of antibodies Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Neutralizing antibody Classification Allotype Isotype Idiotype Functions Antibody opsonization Neutralisation Regions Paratope Complementarity-determining region (CDRs) Hypervariable region Framework region Fab Region Fc Region Polyclonal B cell response Cell-mediated immunity
Innate immune system
Innate immune system Complement system Classical complement pathway Mannan-binding lectin pathway Alternate complement pathway Complement membrane attack complex Surface barriers – Physical or chemical barriers that prevent infection (i.e. skin, tears, mucus, saliva, Gastric acid, etc.) Antimicrobial peptides Defensins Lysozyme Inflammation Inflammatory reflex Inflammasome Granuloma Acute-phase proteins Amyloid
SAP SAA
Positive
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin Alpha 1-antitrypsin Alpha 2-macroglobulin C-reactive protein Ceruloplasmin C3 Ferritin Fibrin Haptoglobin Hemopexin Orosomucoid
Negative
Serum albumin Transferrin
Organs of the immune system
Lymphatic system
Primary lymphoid organs
Primary lymphoid organs Thymus - Site of T cell maturation Bone marrow - Site of haematopoiesis and B cell maturation
Secondary lymphoid organs
Secondary lymphoid organs Spleen White pulp Red pulp Marginal zone Lymph nodes Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Gut-associated lymphoid tissue Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
Cells of the immune system
White blood cells
Myeloid cells
Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Mast cells Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes (Tissue resident macrophages) Adipose tissue macrophages Kupffer cell - Liver Alveolar macrophage (Dust cell) - Lung Langerhans cell - Skin Dermal macrophage - Dermis Microglia - CNS Perivascular macrophage Meningeal macrophage - Meninges Hofbauer cell - Placenta Osteoclasts - Bone Bone marrow macrophage - Bone marrow Marginal zone macrophage - Spleen Metallophilic macrophage - Spleen Red pulp macrophage - Splenic red pulp Tingible body macrophage (White pulp macrophage) - Splenic white pulp Giant cells Foreign-body giant cell Langhans giant cell Touton giant cells Epithelioid cells Bone marrow-derived macrophages - Generated in vitro Dendritic Cells Conventional Dendritic Cells Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Lymphoid cells
Lymphoid cells B cells Plasma B cells Memory B cells B-1 cells B-2 cells (the conventional B cells most texts refer to) Marginal-zone B cells Follicular B cells T cells Naive T cells Helper T cells - Commonly termed CD4+ T cells Th1 cells Th2 cells Th3 cells Th17 cells TFH cells - Follicular helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells - Commonly termed CD8+ T cells Memory T cells Regulatory T cells Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) γδ T cells Mucosal associated invariant T cells Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) Group 1 ILC Natural killer cells (NK cells) Group 2 ILC Nuocyte Group 3 ILC Lymphoid Tissue inducer cells (LTi cells)
Others (Non-hematopoietic cells with immune functions) Stromal cells Lymph node stromal cells Follicular dendritic cells Epithelial cells Pericytes Microfold cells (M cells)
Hematopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis Lymphoblast Prolymphocyte T cell development Thymocyte B cell development Pre-pro-B cell Early pro-B cell Late pro-B cell Large pre-B cell Small pre-B cell Immature B cell Myelopoiesis Common myeloid progenitor (CFU-GEMM) Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (CFU-GM) Granulopoiesis Myeloblast (CFU-G) Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Band cell Monocytopoiesis Monoblast (CFU-M) CFU-DL - Dendritic cell / Langerhans cell precursor Promonocyte CFU-Baso (Basophil precursor) CFU-Eos (Eosinophil precursor) Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (MEP) Megakaryocytopoiesis CFU-Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Thrombopoiesis Thrombocyte (Platelets) Erythropoiesis Proerythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte CFU-Mast Mast cell precursors
Molecules of the immune system
Immune receptors
Antigen receptors B cells Antigen receptor - B cell receptor (BCR) Subunits- Immunoglobulin heavy chain / Immunoglobulin light chain Co-receptors Stimulatory CD21 CD19 CD81 Inhibitory CD22 Accessory molecule (CD79) Ig-α (CD79A) Ig-β (CD79B) T cells Antigen receptor - T cell receptor (TCR) Subunits - TRA@ / TRB@ / TRD@ / TRG@ Co-receptors CD8 (CD8α / CD8β) CD4 Accessory molecules CD3 Subunits - one CD3γ / one CD3δ / two CD3ε ζ-chain (CD247, CD3ζ, TCRζ)
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Pattern recognition receptor
Membrane-bound PRRs Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
TLR1 TLR2 TLR3 TLR4 TLR5 TLR6 TLR7 TLR8 TLR9 TLR10 TLR11 TLR12 TLR13
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
Group 1 CLRs - Mannose receptors
MRC1 MRC2 DEC205 (CD205)
Group 2 CLRs - Asialoglycoprotein receptor family
DC-SIGN (CD209) Langerin (CD207) CLEC10A (CD301, MGL) CLEC5A (MDL1)
Dectin 1 subfamily
Dectin 1 (CLEC7A) MICL (CLEC12A) CLEC2 DNGR1 (CLEC9A)
DCIR subfamily
Dectin 2 (CLEC6A) BDCA2 (CD303) Mincle (CLEC4E) DCIR (CLEC4A)
Scavenger receptors Class A - Trimers
MSR1 (SCARA1) MARCO (SCARA2) SCARA3 SCARA4 (COLEC12) SCARA5
Class B - Two transmembrane domains
SCARB1 SCARB2 CD36 (SCARB3)
Others
CD68 LOX-1
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)
FPR1 FPR2 FPR3
Cytoplasmic PRRs NOD-like receptors (NLRs) NLRA (A for acidic transactivating domain) CIITA NLRB (B for BIR, or Inhibitor of apoptosis domain) NAIP NLRC (C for CARD domain)
NOD1 NOD2 NLRC3 NLRC4 (IPAF) NLRC5
NLRP (P for Pyrin domain)
NLRP1 NLRP2 NLRP3 NLRP4 NLRP5 NLRP6 NLRP7 NLRP8 NLRP9 NLRP10 NLRP11 NLRP12 NLRP13 NLRP14
NLRX NLRX1 RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) - Intracellular sensors of viral replication by direct interaction with dsRNA
RIG-I MDA5 LGP2
Secreted PRRs Complement system (see complement proteins section) Collectins
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) Surfactant protein A (SP-A) Surfactant protein D (SP-D) CL-L1 CL-P1 CL-K1
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)
PGLYRP1 PGLYRP2 PGLYRP3 PGLYRP4
Ficolins
FCN1 FCN2 FCN3
Complement receptors
Complement receptor CR1 (CD35) CR2 (CD21) CR3 - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18 CR4 - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18 CRIg (Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family) Anaphylatoxin receptors C3a receptor C5a receptor (CD88) C5AR2
Fc receptors
Fc receptor
Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR) FcγRI (CD64) FcγRIIA (CD32A) FcγRIIB (CD32B) FcγRIIIA (CD16a) FcγRIIIB (CD16b) FcγRT (Neonatal Fc receptor) Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR) FcαRI (CD89, FCAR) Fcα/μR Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR) FcεRI - Tetramer: FCER1A / FCER1B / two FCER1G FcεRII (CD23) Secreted Fc receptors Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-Ig) Fc receptor-like molecules
Cytokine receptors
Cytokine receptor
Type I cytokine receptors (Hemopoietin receptors) - Share extracellular WSXWS motif, Grouped by common receptor subunits Common gamma chain (γ-chain, CD132) IL2R - Heterotrimer: IL2RA (CD25) / IL2RB (CD122) / γc IL4R / IL13R - Heterodimer: IL4RA / (IL13RA1/IL13RA2) IL7R - Heterodimer: IL7RA (CD127) / γ-chain IL9R - Heterodimer: IL9R / γ-chain IL15R - Heterotrimer: IL15RA / IL2RB / γ-chain IL21R - Heterodimer: IL21R / γ-chain Common beta chain (β-chain, CD131) IL3R - Heterodimer: IL3RA / β-chain IL5R - Heterodimer: IL5RA / β-chain GM-CSFR (CD116) - Heterdimer: GM-CSFRA / β-chain Common gp130 subunit (gp130, CD130) IL6R - Heterodimer: IL6RA / gp130 IL11R - Heterodimer: IL11RA / gp130 IL27R - Heterodimer: IL27RA / gp130 OSMR - Heterodimer: OSMR / gp130 LIFR (CD118) - Heterodimer: LIFR / gp130 IL12 receptor beta 1 subunit (IL12RB1) IL12R - Heterodimer: IL12RB1 / IL12RB2 IL23R - Heterodimer: IL23RA / IL12RB1 Others EPOR (Erythropoietin receptor) - Homodimer G-CSFR (CD114) - Homodimer upon ligand binding MPL (CD110, Thrombopoietin receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding GHR (Growth hormone receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding PRLR (Prolactin receptor) Type II cytokine receptor - Lack WSXWS motif Interferon receptors Interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) - Heterodimer: IFNAR1 / IFNAR2 Interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) - Heterodimer: IFNGR1 / IFNGR2 Interleukin receptors IL10R - Heterodimer: IL10RA / IL10RB IL20R - Heterodimer: IL20RA / IL20RB IL22R - Heterodimer: IL22RA1 / IL10RB IL28R - Heterodimer: IL28RA / IL10RB Immunoglobulin superfamily (Some members) CSF1 CD117 (c-KIT) IL1 receptor family (IL1R) IL1R type 1 (CD121a) IL1R type 2 (CD121b) IL1R accessory protein (IL1RAP) IL1RL1 (IL33R, ST2) IL18R - Heterodimer: IL18R1 / IL18RAP IL17 family IL17RA IL17RB IL17RC IL17RD IL17RE Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family - Trimeric cytokine receptors
TNFRSF1A (CD120a) TNFRSF1B (CD120b) TNFRSF3 (Lymphotoxin βR) TNFRSF4 (CD134, OX40) TNFRSF5 (CD40) TNFRSF6 (FAS)
TNFRSF6B TNFRSF7 (CD27)