Villa rustica () was the term used by the ancient RomansVarro, de Rustica I.11, 13Columella I.4 § 6 to denote a farmhouse or villa set in the countryside and with an agricultural section, which applies to the vast majority of Roman villas. In some cases they were at the centre of a large agricultural estate, sometimes called a latifundium. The adjective rustica was used only to distinguish it from a much rarer sub-urban resort villa, or otium villa built for purely leisure and luxury, and typically located in the Bay of Naples. The villa rustica would thus serve both as a residence of the landowner and his family (and servants) and also as a farm management centre. It would often comprise separate buildings to accommodate farm labourers and sheds and barns for animals and crops.Annalia Marzano: Roman villas in central Italy: a social and economic history. Brill 2007, ()Alfred Frazer: The Roman villa: villa urbana. UPenn Museum of Archaeology 1998, ()Alexander Gordon McKay: Houses, villas, and palaces in the Roman world . JHU Press 1998, ()John T. Smith: Roman Villas. A Study in Social Structure. Routledge, London, 1997. John Percival: The Roman Villa. A Historical Introduction. Batsford, London, 1988 (Paperback)
The villa rustica's design differed, but usually it consisted of two parts; the pars urbana (main house),Pliny, II.17 and the pars rustica (farm area).
List of villae rusticae
Austria , Altheim, Austria
Bosnia-Herzegovina Mogorjelo
Bulgaria Villa Armira, Ivaylovgrad
Italy
Villa Boscoreale
Villa dei Volusii, Fiano Romano
Portugal
Castelo da Lousa
Roman Villa of Rabaçal Roman ruins of Quinta da Abicada Centum Cellas Villa of Torre de Palma Villa of Cerro da Vila Roman ruins of Pisões Roman ruins of São Cucufate Roman Ruins of Milreu (Estoi) Roman Villa of Sendim
Turkey
Gökkale Üçayaklı ruins
United Kingdom
Bignor Roman Villa Borough Hill Roman villa Brading Roman Villa Chedworth Roman Villa Crofton Roman Villa Fishbourne Roman Palace Gadebridge Park Roman Villa Littlecote Roman Villa Llantwit Major Roman Villa Low Ham Roman Villa Lullingstone Roman Villa Newport Roman Villa North Leigh Roman Villa Piddington Roman Villa Woodchester Roman Villa
France
Villa Rustica, Coustaty
Montmaurin
Germany
Baden-Württemberg Villa Rustica, Baden-Baden-Haueneberstein, Roman settlement at WohlfahrtsbergDie Römer am Wolfartsberg. (Heimatblätter des Heimat- und Kulturvereines Haueneberstein e.V., Nr. 3). haueneberstein.de Villa Rustica at Bondorf, Böblingen , Konstanz , Lörrach Villa Rustica at Eigeltingen Villa Rustica at Gaggenau-Bad Rotenfels / OberweierGerhard Hoffmann: Spuren früher Zeiten – Funde und Fundstätten im Landkreis Rastatt. Eine Materialkunde zur Vor und Frühgeschichte. Bestandsaufnahme und Dokumentation. (Sonderveröffentlichungen des Kreisarchivs Rastatt, Band 5). Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher u. a. 2007, . (Abstract) Villa urbana at Grenzach-Wyhlen (Museum Römervilla) , Zollernalbkreis Villa urbana at Heitersheim , Sigmaringen Villa Rustica at Hirschberggastgeber-hessen.de , Sigmaringen Villa Rustica at Karlsruhe-Durlachka.stadtwiki.net Villa Rustica at Langenau , Sigmaringen , Heilbronn Villa Rustica at Mühlacker Villa Rustica at Nagoldnaturparkschwarzwald.de
Villa Rustica at Oberndorf-Bochingen , Rems-Murr-Kreis , Heilbronn , Rhein-Neckar-Kreis , Tuttlingen , Heilbronn Villa Rustica Bietigheim-Weilerlen at Bietigheim-Bissingen, Ludwigsburg
Bavaria
, Stadt München
Villa Rustica at Großberghofen, Dachau , Donau-Ries Villa Rustica at Hüssingen Villa Rustica Kohlhunden, Ostallgäu , Stadt Starnberg (Naturpark Altmühltal)altmuehltal.de Villa Rustica (Nassenfels), Eichstätt , Freising
, Ingolstadt Villa Rustica (Peiting), Weilheim-Schongau
, Oberallgäu
Hesse
Groß-Umstadt-Heubach, , Odenwald Rodau, Zwingenberg, "Kleine Weide"
Northrhine-Westphalia
roemervilla-blankenheim.de Villae Rusticae at Eschweiler, Aachen , Eschweiler, Aachen Villae Rusticae near Hambach surface mine, Düren at Sollig, Nettersheim-Roderath, Euskirchen
Rheinland-Palatine
, Bad Dürkheim-Ungstein , Bad Kreuznach
, Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm , Fließem, Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm Villa Rustica at Sarresdorf (Gerolstein) , Mainz-Bingen Villa Rustica at Herschweiler-Pettersheim, Kusel
(Mosel), Trier-Saarburg
, Mainz-Bingen , Trier-Saarburg
Saarland
Roman Villa Borg Reinheim Roman villa at Nennig
Serbia Village Gornja Bukovica.Valjevo, villa rustica IV century A.D.Rimski lokaliteti valjevskog kraja
Switzerland
Aargau
Basel-Landschaft
Genf
Jura
Solothurn
Waadt
Zürich Irgenhausen Castrum (built on the remains of a former villa rustica) Villa in Wetzikon - Kempten
References
External links Villa Rustica - open-air museum at Hechingen (Germany)