Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. The following list provides numerous examples of this architectural style worldwide.
Africa Côte d'Ivoire
La Pyramide (building), Abidjan (1973)
Kenya
Kenyatta International Convention Centre, Nairobi (1973) University of Nairobi Mombasa Town Campus Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (1952)
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone House of Parliament, Freetown (1967)
South Africa Brixton Tower, Johannesburg (1962) Joburg Theatre, Johannesburg (1962) Johannesburg Central Police Station, Johannesburg (1968) Hillbrow Tower, Johannesburg (1968) University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Campus, Tshwane (1972) Ponte Tower, Johannesburg (1975) Auckland Park Campus, University of Johannesburg (1975) South African State Theatre, Tshwane (1981) Grand Central Water Tower Midrand, Midrand (1997)
Asia
China
Lhasa railway station, Lhasa, Cui Kai, (2006) Long Museum, Shanghai, Liu Yichun, Atelier Deshaus, (2014) Ningbo Museum, Wang Shu (2008) Shenzhen Stock Exchange, Shenzhen, Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), (2013) Sifang Art Museum, Nanjing, Steven Holl, (2001)
Bangladesh Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (Dhaka National Assembly), Dhaka, Louis Kahn, (1982)
India
Palika Kendra, New Delhi, Kuldip Singh and Mahendra Raj, (1984) Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, Le Corbusier, (1953) Tagore Memorial Hall, Ahmedabad, B. V. Doshi, (1971)
Indonesia
Wisma Intiland, Surabaya, Paul Rudolph (1997)"All of America, and Parking Too". The New York Times. Library of Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung (1985) Bank Indonesia, Semarang (1992) Wisma Hayam Wuruk, Jakarta (1976) Bina Manajemen Building, Jakarta (1972) Ali Sadikin Building, Ismail Marzuki Park, Jakarta (2019)
Iraq Al Zaqura Building, Baghdad, (1975)
Israel
Tel Aviv-Yafo City Hall, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Menachem Cohen, (1956–1964) Basilica of the Annunciation, Nazareth, Giovanni Muzio, (1960–1969) Mivtachim Sanitarium, Zikhron Ya'akov, Yaakov Rechter, (1966) The Humanities Building, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Raffi Ripper, Amnon Niv, Natan Magen, (1968) Carlton Tel Aviv, Yaakov Rechter, (1977)
Japan
Tower House, Tokyo, Takamitsu Azuma, (1967) Ginza Sony Park, Tokyo, (2025)
Lebanon The Egg, also known as "The Dome" and "the Soap," Beirut, Joseph Philippe Karam, (1968)
Malaysia University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Dato' Kington Loo/CHR Bailey (1966) Dewan Tunku Canselor Experimental Theatre Faculty of Business and Economics Block H11 Faculty of Business and Economics Undergraduate Office Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Building National University of Malaysia Central Bank of Malaysia
Philippines Tanghalang Pambansa (National Theater), Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex, Pasay, Philippines (Leandro V. Locsin, 1969) Philippine International Convention Center, Manila, Philippines (Leandro V. Locsin) Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 1, Parañaque, Philippines (Leandro V. Locsin) San Miguel Corporation Head Office Complex, Pasig, Philippines
Singapore
Singapore Power Building, Singapore, Group 2 Architects, (1971) Golden Mile Complex, Singapore, DP Architects, (1973)
Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hanoi, Garol Isakovich, (1975) Independence Palace, Ho Chi Minh City, Ngô Viết Thụ (1966)
Europe Belgium CBR Building, Watermael-Boitsfort, Brussels (Constantin Brodzki, 1970)
Bulgaria
Festivalna (Felatival) Hall (1968), Sofia; Sofia Hall (1968), Sofia; Diplomatic Blocs (1973), Joliot Curie str., Sofia; Sofia Central Station, Sofia, Bulgaria (1974) Kambanite Monument (1979), Sofia;
National Palace of Culture (1981), Sofia Buzludzha Monument, Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria (1981) Monument to 1300 Years of Bulgaria, Shumen (1981) Large aviary, bear area and other structures at the Sofia Zoo (1982); Sports complex "Cherveno zname” (Red Flag) (1985) Building 2 (“The Transistor”) of the International House of the Journalists, Varna.
Czech Republic
See Brutalist architecture in the Czech Republic
Denmark Hans Christian Ørsted Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, (Eva Koppel, 1955–1962) Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, (Eva Koppel, 1961–1975) Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark (Eva Koppel, 1966–1986)
Estonia Linnahall, Tallinn, Estonia (Raine Karp, Riina Altmäe, 1975–1980) National Library of Estonia, Tallinn, Estonia (Raine Karp, 1985–1993)
France
Brutalism in France emerged during post-World War II reconstruction. Facing an acute shortage of decent housing and severe material shortages after the war, France needed to rebuild a huge stock of destroyed infrastructure and housing. Le Corbusier’s completion of the Cité Radieuse in Marseille in 1952 démonstrated that concrete could be used to create functional "cities within a city." Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the French government adopted the Brutalist approach for many of its state-sponsored projects, including social housing complexes (the grands ensembles), university facilities, administrative offices and other public buildings. However, by the late 1970s, the Brutalist movement began to lose momentum, due in part to its buildings’ rapid, physical deterioration and tendency to create ghettos. Despite this, several major Brutalist projects have received one of the two protected statuses given by the French Ministry of Culture. Unité d'Habitation de Marseille (Cité Radieuse), Marseille, France (Le Corbusier, 1952) Maisons Jaoul, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France (Le Corbusier, 1954–1956) UNESCO Headquarters, 7th arrondissement of Paris, (Bernard Zehrfuss (France), Marcel Breuer (Hungary), and Pier Luigi Nervi (Italy, inaugurated in 1958) Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Lyon, France (Le Corbusier and Iannis Xenakis, 1960) Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de la Rechèvre, Chartres (Jean Redreau, completed 1962) Flaine, France. (Designed by Marcel Breuer, the entire assembly of hotels, shops, apartment blocks and administrative buildings of Flaine-Forum comprise a themed but varied entity), completed 1969 Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse (Georges Candilis, Alexis Josic, Shadrach Woods, completed 1970) Centre National de la Danse, Pantin (1972)
Les Choux de Créteil, Créteil (Gérard Grandval, completed 1974) Auditorium Maurice-Ravel, Lyon (1975) Bourse de Travail, Bobigny (Oscar Niemeyer, completed 1978) Headquarters of the French Communist Party,19th arrondissement of Paris (Oscar Niemeyer, inaugurated in 1971, but completed 1980) Orgues de Flandre, 19th arrondissement of Paris (fr:Martin van Treeck, completed 1980) Les Étoiles d'Ivry, Ivry-sur-Seine (Jean Renaudie and Renée Gailhoustet, completed 1981) Espace Oscar Niemeyer (Le Volcan), Le Havre, the complex includes the fr:Biibliothèque Oscar-Niemeyer (Oscar Niemeyer, completed 1982) Les Arènes de Picasso (:fr:Arènes de Picasso), Noisy-le-Grand (fr:Manuel Nuñez Yanowsky, completed 1985)
Georgia Bank of Georgia headquarters, Tbilisi, Georgia (1975)
Germany
Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (Hentrich, Petschnigg & Partner, 1964) University of Regensburg, Regensburg (1965) AfE-Turm, Frankfurt am Main (Staatliches Universitätsbauamt, Staatliche Neubauleitung Frankfurt, 1972) (demolished 2014) Friedenskirche, Monheim-Baumberg (1974) Main building of the University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld (1971–1976) Embassy of People's Republic of Czechoslovakia in Berlin, Germany (Věra and Vladimír Machonin, 1978) Research Institute for Experimental Medicine (Mouse Bunker, or Mäusebunker) Berlin, Germany (Gerd Hänska, Kurt Schmersow, Magdalena Hänska, 1971-1981)
Greece Broadcasting House (the headquarters of the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation), Athens, Greece (1969) Porto Carras Resort, Chalkidiki, Greece (Walter Gropius, posthum built 1973) School of Theology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, L. Kalivites and G. Leonardos, 1976Hellenic National AudioVisual Archive, The Opening of the new Athenian School of Theology building, Duration: 00:04:03:23 – 00:04:51:06
Ireland Central Plaza, Dublin. Originally the Central Bank of Ireland Building (1978) Phibsborough Tower, Dublin
Italy
Torre Velasca, Milan, Italy, (BBPR group 1954) Hotel DUPARC Contemporary Suites, Turin, Italy (Laura Petrazzini, 1971) Embassy of the United Kingdom, Rome, Italy, (Basil Spence, 1968) Nuovo Villaggio Matteotti, Terni, Italy (Giancarlo De Carlo, 1969-1974)
Latvia
Salaspils Camp Memorial (Gunārs Asaris, Ivars Strautmanis, Oļģerts Ostenbergs, Oļegs Zakamennijs, 1959–1967) Laboratory Building of the Riga Diesel Factory, Ganību dambis 36 (Viktors Rimša and Eduards Geijers, 1985-1988)
Lithuania Seimas Palace (1980)
Moldova Moldova National Opera Ballet, Chișinău, Moldova (1980) Moldova Presidential Residence, Chișinău, Moldova (1987)
Poland
'Młotek' residential building, 8 Smolna Street in Warsaw, Poland (1964, by Jan Bogusławski, Bohdan Gniewiewski) Bunkier Sztuki gallery, Kraków, Poland (Krystyna Tołłoczko-Różyska, Antoni Hajdecki, 1965) Mausoleum of the Majdanek concentration camp, Poland (Wiktor Tołkin, Janusz Dembek, 1969) Spodek, Katowice, Poland (1971) Katowice railway station, Katowice, Poland (Wacław Kłyszewski, Jerzy Mokrzyński and Eugeniusz Wierzbicki a.k.a. "The Tigers", 1972) Hala Olivia, Gdańsk, Poland (1972) Forest Hotel (former Jagiellonian University guesthouse; Tomasz Mańkowski and Dariusz Kozłowski, 1976-1991) Forum Hotel, Kraków, Poland (Janusz Ingarden, 1978–1989) Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross and Our Lady of Health of the Sick in Katowice, Poland (Henryk Buszko, Aleksander Franta, (1991)
Portugal Palace of Justice, Lisbon, Portugal (Januário Godinho and João Andresen, 1970) Casino Park Hotel, Funchal, Portugal (Oscar Niemeyer and Viana de Lima, 1976)
Romania
Administrative Palace, Satu Mare, Romania (Nicolae Porumbescu, 1984) TVR Tower, Bucharest, Romania (Calea Dorobanților, 1968) Grand Hotel, Bucharest, Romania (Nicolae Bălcescu 4, 1971) National Theatre Bucharest, Romania (Nicolae Bălcescu 2, 1973) Building of Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania (Splaiul Independenței 313, 1969) Romano-Catholic church from Orșova, Orșova, Romania (1970)
Russia RIA Novosti headquarter, former press-center of 1980 Summer Olympics, Moscow, (1976–1979) TASS building, Moscow, V. S. Egerev, (1977) House of Soviets (Kaliningrad), (1985)
Serbia Novobeogradski blokovi (Blocks 22, 23, 28, 30, 61, 62, 63), Belgrade, Serbia (1948–1990) Museum of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, Serbia (1962) Toblerone building, Belgrade, Serbia (1963) Avala Tower, Belgrade, Serbia (1965; 2009) New Belgrade town hall, Belgrade, Serbia (1967) 25 May Sportcenter, Belgrade, Serbia (1975) Eastern City Gate, Belgrade, Serbia (1976) County Court, Požarevac, Serbia (1976) Western City Gate, Belgrade, Serbia (1977) County Court, Sremska Mitrovica (1979) Zlatibor Hotel, Užice, Serbia (1981)
Slovakia
Bridge of the Slovak National Uprising, Bratislava (1972) Incheba, Bratislava (1995) Slovak National Archives, Bratislava (1983) Slovak Radio Building, Bratislava (1983) Slovak Television Building, Bratislava (1974)
Spain
Torres Blancas, Madrid, Spain (1968) Facultades de Ciencias Biológicas y Geológicas (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Madrid (Francisco Fernández Longoria, 1965–1968) Walden 7 building, Sant Just Desvern - Barcelona, Spain (Ricardo Bofill, 1975) Facultad de Ciencias de la Información (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Madrid, (José María Laguna Martínez and Juan Castañón Fariña, 1979)
Sweden City Library, Norrköping, (Sten Samuelsson, 1971) Villa Göth, Uppsala, Sweden (Bengt Edman and Lennart Holm, 1950)
Switzerland
University of St. Gallen Campus Rosenberg, St. Gallen (Walter Maria Förderer, 1957–1963)