Miracles of Muhammad are miraculous claims attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. A number of terms are used in Islam to refer to the claims of events happening that are not explicable by natural or scientific laws, subjects where people sometimes invoke the supernatural.
In the Quran the term (; pl. , lit. "sign") refers to signs in the context of miracles of God's creation and of the prophets and messengers (such as Ibrahim/Abraham and Isa/Jesus). In later Islamic sources miracles of the prophets were referred to by (), literally meaning "that by means of which [the Prophet] confounds, overwhelms, his opponents"; while of saints are referred to as (charismata)"Annemarie Schimmel" And Muhammad is his Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety Online Archive Publication date 2017-12-13 Uploaded by Ejaz Archives p. 78 included in the books of Manaqib.
The earliest records concerning the Prophetic biography contained "almost no miracles" ("dalāʾil al-nubuwwa"),Özdemir, Mehmet, (2007). Siyer Yazıcılığı Üzerine, Milel ve Nihal, 4 (3), 129-162 but hundreds of them were added later, along with chains of narration, during the next 2-3 centuries. A range of miraculous incidents related to Muhammad have been reported in post-Quranic texts such as the Hadith and the Sīrah. Some of them relied on ambiguous Quranic verses that were then developed into elaborate narratives. Notably, the Quranic verses 53:1-2, which is said to have originally forecasted a forthcoming event linked to the Day of Judgment based on a sighting of a lunar eclipse, were ultimately transformed into a historical miracle, the splitting of the moon. This tradition has inspired many Muslim poets."Muhammad", Encyclopedia of Islam Online The Qur'an does not overtly describe Muhammad performing miracles, according to historian Denis Gril, and the supreme miracle of Muhammad is finally identified with the Qur'an itself. At least one scholar (Sunni Modernist scholar Muhammad Asad) states that Muhammad performed no miracles other than to bring the Quran to humanity,Muhammad Asad, Message of the Qur'an [Dar Al-Andalus Limited 3 Library Ramp, Gibraltar rpt. 1993] p. 427, fn. 71 and other scholars, such as Cyril Glasse and Marcia Hermansen, downplay the miracles of Muhammad, stating "they play no role in Islamic theology", or "play less of an evidentiary role than in some other religions".
Believing in the existence and miracles of Awliya is presented as a "condition" for orthodox Islam by many prominent Sunni creed writers such as Al-Tahawi and NasafiJonathan A. C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints", Journal of Sufi Studies 1 (2012), p. 123Christopher Taylor, In the Vicinity of the Righteous (Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5–6 and is accepted in traditional Sunnis and Shi'ism. Traditional Islam may severely punish the denial of miracles because of consensus of Sunni scholars, rejecting a single letter of the Quran or a hadith which is causes one to become a apostate. According to them believing in the miracles of Muhammad in the Quran and in hadith were transmitted by way and believing to them was obligatory. This understanding, along with expressions of respect and visits to the graves of saints, are seen as unacceptable heresy by puritanical and revivalist Islamic movements such as Salafism, Wahhabism and Islamic Modernism.
Qur'an Several Quranic verses highlight instances where Muhammad's contemporaries challenged him to validate his prophetic claims by demanding that he demonstrate phenomena that defied the ordinary course of nature, such as causing a fountain to gush from the ground, creating a lush garden with flowing rivers, manifesting a golden house, or delivering a readable book from heaven.Q 17:90–3see also Q 74:52
However, Muhammad refused to fulfill any of those challenges on the basis of Quranic revelations, reasoning that prophets could not produce a sign without God's authorization.Q 13:38Q 14:11Q 40:78 He argued that the regularities of nature already served as sufficient proof of God's majestyQ 10:5-6 and contended that miracles were pointless because they had not prevented past civilizations from rejecting their own prophets.Q 17:59 He maintained that he served solely as a warnerQ 29:50 and underscored that the Quran alone was adequate for his opponents.Q 29:51
was a possible idiom, also mentioned in Imru' al-Qais poems. Its use in the Quran is also within the poetic expressions of the Quran. In this respect, it is possible to explain context for the expression "sihr" (it is magic) that the Meccans gave in response to the expressions in the narrations, with the mysterious connection and phonetic closeness established between the poets and magicians in the understanding of that period.
When the clear meaning of the verse is examined, it is understood that the two places, Masjid al-Haram and Masjid al-Aqsa, are at a distance that can be covered by a night walk, and with the meanings they have gained over time, Muhammad traveled between two places thousands of kilometers apart in one night, and from there, passing through various steps, he ascended to the sky, to the presence of God. Other questions about the sura are whether this verse mentions Muhammad and the construction dates of the places mentioned in the verse. (See: Isra' and Mi'raj)
Tradition
The Quran describes Muhammad as (Q7:157),Q7:157, islamawakened.com which is traditionally interpreted as "unlettered,"Dashti, 23 Years, 1994: p. 44 and the ability of such a person to produce the Quran is taken as miraculous and as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood. literally the inimitability of the Quran refers to the Quranic claim that no one can hope to imitate its (the Quran's) perfection, this quality being considered the primary miracle of the Quran and proof of Muhammad's prophethood. In recent decades, the term has also come to refer to the belief that the Quran contains "scientific miracles", i.e. prophecies of scientific discoveries.
List of claimed miracles in tradition Contrary to those of biblical prophets, claims of miracles attributed to Muhammad are not consistently incorporated into a cohesive life narrative. Some collections simply list these miracles, primarily aiming to showcase that Muhammad performed miracles similar to earlier prophets, particularly Jesus, rather than delving into doctrinal aspects or interpreting specific life events. One example is a book by the 12th-century Islamic scholar al-Ghazali titled Ihya' 'ulum ad-din (The Revival of the Science of Religion) which provides the following list of Muhammad's miracles:
Quran – The revelation of the Quran is considered by Muslims to be Muhammad's greatest miracle and a miracle for all times, unlike the miracles of other prophets, which were confined to being witnessed in their own lifetimes. Scientific miracles: The theory of the scientific miracle of the Quran claims that the Quran has a miracle in expressing some scientific material (some modern scientific discoveries that were unknown at the time of writing the Quran). The history of writing in connection with the science and religion of Islam dates back to the works of Ibn Sina, Fakhr al-Razi, and Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, but has increased significantly in recent times. Authors in this field include Naeem Al-Mohassi, Maurice Bucaille, Rafiei Mohammadi, Mostarhameh, Makarem Shirazi and Rezaei Isfahani. These interpretations state that some verses of the Quran reflect prophetic statements about the nature and structure of the universe, physics, fetal biological growth, biological evolution, geology, mountain structure, and other phenomena that have been later confirmed by scientific research. This group of Quran-commentators present this as a proof of the divinity of the Quran.Ahmad Dallal, Quran and science, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an رضایی اصفهانی، محمد علی. «حركات خورشید و اعجاز علمی قرآن». دریافتشده در ۱۸ ژوئن ۲۰۲۰. However, critics from both outside and inside the religion have objected to these interpretations. Splitting of the Moon; While standing on the Mount Abu Qubays, Muhammad splits the moon into two parts.Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 58, Hadith 208 Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey); occurring in 621, in which Muhammad leads the prayers to previous prophets in Al-Aqsa.Sahih Muslim, Book 1, Hadith 328
Radd al-Shams: According to tradition, Muhammad asked God to return the sun to its position before the sunset, so that Ali could have enough time to say his Asr prayer. When Abu Jahl was going to trample Muhammad's neck or smear his face with dust as he was engaged in prayer, Abu Jahl came near him but turned upon his heels and tried to repulse something with his hands. It was said to him: "What is the matter with you?" He said: "There is between me and him. A ditch of fire and terror and wings." Thereupon Muhammad said: "If he were to come near me the angels would have torn him to pieces."Sahih Muslim, Book 39, Hadith 6718 According to Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, Muhammad's success and victory against his enemies was one of his miracles. Muhammad Himself claimed multiple miraculous deeds during his battles, including angels fighting for him, the wind being on his side, him blinding his opponents with dust, summoning slumber and Allah purifying the Muslims With rain Similarly, many modern Muslim historians believe Muhammad's greatest miracles were his worldly accomplishments, in a short time span, in various fields (such as the religious, social, proselytising, political, military and literary spheres) and "the transformation of the Arabs from marauding bands of nomads into world conquerors." The events which occurred during his Hijrah (migration from Mecca to Medina): The blindness of the Qurashite warriors who assembled at his door to assassinate him. He sprinkled a handful of dust at the assassins and summoned two barriers in between them as he recited the 9th verse of Surah Ya Sin and went away invisibly without being seen by them.
something similar occurred after the revelation of Surah Al-Masad when Abu Lahab's wife got offended and wanted to confront him He could cure the blind by only spitting or blowing on the patient.Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 59, Hadith 517Sunan Abi Dawud, Book 28, Hadith 3885Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 52, Hadith 192 The day Muhammad came to Medina, everything there became illuminated, and the day he died, everything in Medina became dark.Ash-Shama'il Al-Muhammadiyah 393Tirmidhi, Vol. 1, Book 46, Hadith 3618Sunan Ibn Majah, Vol. 1, Book 6, Hadith 1631 When Muhammad and Abu Bakr migrated to Medina, Suraqa bin Malik pursued them. When they realized they were discovered, Muhammad looked at Suraqa so his horse sank into the earth. Suraqa then begged Muhammad to rescue him, and Muhammad prayed to Allah for him; hence he was saved.Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 58, Hadith 248Sahih Muslim, Book 23, Hadith 4984Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 56, Hadith 812Sahih Muslim, Book 42, Hadith 7150 Prophecies made by him. This includes: Muhammad telling his companion and Uthman, that a calamity would befall him, which would be followed with his entering paradise; this eventuated during Uthman's Caliphate.Sahih Mulsim, Book 31, Hadith 5909 He told his companion, Ammar ibn Yasir, that the unjust party would kill him; this eventuated during the First Fitna.Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 52, Hadith 67 He prophesied to Suraqa bin Malik that he would wear the bracelets of Kosroe. He said that Allah would make peace between two large Muslim groups through his grandson Hasan ibn Ali; this eventuated with the Hasan–Muawiya treaty.Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 3, Book 49, Hadith 867 He said that a man who was apparently fighting for the Muslim cause would actually be of the people of Hell; this was proven when the man committed suicide in order to remove his suffering following a wound in battle.Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 52, Hadith 147