Compound Comments In whole blood (g/cm3) In plasma or serum (g/cm3) Water Solvent 0.81-0.86 0.93-0.95 Acetoacetate Produced in liver 8-40 4-43 Acetone product of bodyfat breakdown 3-20 Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system 6.6-8.2 Adenosine triphosphate Energy storage total 3.1-5.7 phosphorus 5-10 Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Stimulates the adrenal cortex 2.5-12 @ 6AM, mean 5.5 @ 6AM, maximum 12 @ 6PM, mean 3.5 @ 6PM, maximum <7.5 Alanine Amino acid 2.7-5.5 2.4-7.6 Albumin Blood plasma protein 3.5-5.0 Aluminum 1-40 1-88 Selenium 60–150 ng/mL Aldosterone Regulates electrolyte balance supine 3-10 standing, male 6-22 standing, female 5-30 Amino acids Protein building blocks total 3.8-5.3 nitrogen 4.6-6.8 3.0-5.5 alpha-Aminobutyric acid 1-2 1-2 δ-Aminolevulinic acid 1.5-2.3 Ammonia 1-2 1.0-4.9 cAMP Intracellular signal transduction molecule male 5.6-10.9 female 3.6-8.9 Androstenedione Steroid hormone male >18 yrs 2-30 female >18 yrs 8-30 Androsterone Steroid hormone 1.5 Angiotensin I Angiotensin II precursor 1.1-8.8 Angiotensin II Vasoconstrictor 1.2-3.6 Alpha 1-antitrypsin Serine protease inhibitor 7.8-20 Arginine Amino acid 6-17 1.3-3.6 Arsenic normal range 2-62 chronic poisoning 100-500 acute poisoning 600-9300 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Important vitamin 1-15 6-20 Aspartic acid Amino acid 0-3 In WBCs 2.5-4.0 9-12 Bicarbonate Buffer in blood 5-5.7 Bile acids Digestive function, bilirubin excretion 2-30 3-30 Bilirubin Hemoglobin metabolite 2-14 1-10 Biotin (Vitamin H) Gluconeogenesis, metabolize leucine, fatty acid synthesis 7-17 9-16 Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 8-23 Bradykinin 7 Bromide 7-10 Cadmium normal 1-5 toxic 0.1-3 Calciferol (vitamin D2) Maintain calcium and phosphorus levels 1.7-4.1 Calcitonin (CT) Hormone <1.0 CalciumBones, ionized 4.48-4.92 4.25-5.25 total 8.4-11.5 Carbon dioxideRespiratory gas arterial 8.8-10.8 3.0-7.9 venous 9.8-11.8 3.3-8.3 Carboxyhemoglobin(as HbCO) nonsmokers 0.5-1.5% total Hb smokers, 1-2 packs/day 4-5% total Hb smokers, 2 packs/day 8-9% total Hb toxic >20% total Hb lethal >50% total Hb Carcinoembryonic antigen <2.5 beta-Carotene Vitamin A dimer 3-25 Carotenoids Antioxidant 2.4-23.1 Cephalin 3-11.5 0-1 Ceruloplasmin 1.5-6 Chloride, as NaCl 4.5-5 3.5-3.8 Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) 1, 25-dihydroxy 2.5-4.5 24,25-dihydroxy 1.5 25-hydroxy 1.4-8 Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) Stimulates fat and protein digestion 6.04 Cholesterol Steroid lipid LDLC 0.5-2.0 HDLC 2.9-9.0 total 1.15-2.25 1.2-2 Choline, total 1.1-3.1 3.6-3.5 Chorionic gonadotropinProgesterone secretion during pregnancy Menstrual 0-3 Pregnancy, 1st trimester 5-3300 Pregnancy, 2nd trimester 20-1000 Pregnancy, 3rd trimester 20-50 Menopausal 3-30 Citric acid 1.3-2.5 1.6-3.2 Citrulline 2-10 Coagulation Factors Fibrinogen 1.2-1.6 2-4 Prothrombin 1 Tissue thromboplastin 1 Proaccelerin 5-12 Proconvertin 1 Antihemophilic factor 1 Christmas factor 4 Stuart factor 5 Plasma thrmb. anteced. 4 Hageman factor 2.9 Fibrin-stabilizing factor 1 Fibrin split products <1 Fletcher factor 5 Fitzgerald factor 7 von Willebrand factor 7 Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Needed for nerve cells, red blood cells, and to make DNA 6-14 1-10 Cocarboxylase 7-9 Complement system C1q 5.8-7.2 C1r 2.5-3.8 C1s (C1 esterase) 2.5-3.8 C2 2.2-3.4 C3( b1C-globulin) 8-15.5 factor B (C3 proactivator) 2-4.5 C4 (b1E-globulin) 1.3-3.7 C4 binding protein 1.8-3.2 C5 (b1F-globulin) 5.1-7.7 C6 4.8-6.4 C7 4.9-7 C8 4.3-6.3 C9 4.7-6.9 Properdin 2.4-3.2 Compound S 1-3 Copper 9-15 male 7-14 female 8-15.5 Corticosteroids Steroid hormones 1-4 Corticosterone 4-20 Cortisol Inhibits CRH secretion 3-23 8 AM 6-23 4 PM 3-15 10 PM ~50% of 8 AM value C-peptide fasting 0.5-2.0 maximum 4 C-reactive protein Plasma protein 6.8-820 CreatineAssists muscle cell energy supply male 1.7-5.0 female 3.5-9.3 Creatinine male 0.8-1.5 female 0.7-1.2 Cyanide nonsmokers 4 smokers 6 nitroprusside therapy 10-60 toxic >100 lethal >1000 Cysteine Amino acid 6-12 1.8-5 Dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA) Steroid hormone aged 1–4 yrs 0.2-0.4 aged 4–8 yrs 0.1-1.9 aged 8–10 yrs 0.2-2.9 aged 10–12 yrs 0.5-9.2 aged 12–14 yrs 0.9-20 aged 14–16 yrs 2.5-20 male 0.8-10 female, premenopausal 2.0-15 DHEA sulfate male 1.99-3.34 female newborn 1.67-3.64 pre-pubertal children 1.0-6.0 premenopausal 8.2-33.8 pregnancy 2.3-11.7 postmenopausal 1.1-6.1 11-Deoxycortisol 1-7 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) male 3-8 female 1-10 Diphosphoglycerate (phosphate) 8-16 DNA The molecule of heredity 0-1.6 Dopamine Neurotransmitter <1.36 Enzymes, total <6 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) <1 Epinephrine Neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system after 15 min rest 3.1-9.5 when emitted 3.8 2-2.5 Ergothioneine 1-20 Erythrocytes (#/cm3) adult male, avg. (range) 5.2 (4.6-6.2) adult female, avg. (range) 4.6 (4.2-5.4) children, varies with age 4.5-5.1 reticulocytes 25-75 Erythropoietin adult, normal 0.5-2.5 pregnant 2.7-6.2 hypoxia or anemia 0.8-8.0 Estradiol (E2) male 8-36 female, follicular(days 1-10) 1-9 female, mean 5 female, pre-fertile (days 10-12) 10-15 female, fertile (days 12-14) 35-60 female, luteal (days 15-28) 20-40 female, pregnancy 3-70 female, postmenopausal 1-3 Estriol (E3) nonpregnant <2 pregnancy, weeks 22-30 3-5 pregnancy, weeks 32-37 6-11 pregnancy, weeks 38-41 25-170 Estrogen male 4-11.5 female, prepubertal <4 female, 1–10 days 6.1-39.4 female, 11–20 days 12.2-43.7 female, 21–30 days 15.6-35 female, postmenopausal <4 Estrone (E1) male 2.9-17 female, follicular 2-15 female, 1–10 days of cycle 4.3-18 female, 11–20 days of cycle 7.5-19.6 female, 20–29 days of cycle 13.1-20.1 pregnancy, weeks 22-30 3-5 pregnancy, weeks 32-37 5-6 pregnancy, weeks 38-41 7-10 Ethanol social high 0.5 reduced coordination 0.8 depression of CNS >1 confusion, falling down 2.0 loss of consciousness 3.0 coma, death >4 Fatty acids nonesterified (free) 8-25 esterified 2.5-3.9 7-20 total 1.9-4.5 Ferritin male 1.5-30 female 0.9-18 alpha-1-Fetoprotein 0-2 Flavin adenine dinucleotide 8-12 Fluoride 1-4.5 1-4.5 Folate 2.2-17.3 in erythrocyte 1.67-7.07 Folic acid 2.3-5.2 1.6-2 Fructose 0-5 7-8 Furosemide glucuronide 1-400 Galactose children <2 Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) <1.25-4.0 Gastrin mean 7 maximum <20 Globulin total 2.2-4 alpha-1-Globulin 1-4 alpha-2-Globulin 4-10 beta globulin 5-12 gamma globulin 6-17 Glucagon range 5-15 mean 7.1-7.9 Glucosamine fetus 4-6 4.2-5.5 child 5-7 5.2-6.9 adult 6-8 6.1-8.2 aged 7-9 7.0-8.9 Glucose newborn 2-3 adult 6.5-9.5 7-10.5 diabetic 14-120 Glucuronic acid 4.1-9.3 8-11 Glutamic acid 2-28 Glutamine 4.6-10.6 Glutathione reduced 2.5-4.1 0 Glycerol free 2.9-17.2 Glycine 1.7-2.3 8-54 Glycogen 1.2-16.2 0 Glycoprotein, acid 4-15 cGMP 0.6-4.4 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1-80 Guanidine 1.8-2.3 Haptoglobin 3-22 Hemoglobin 1.2-1.75 1-4 newborn 1.65-1.95 children, varies with age 1.12-1.65 adult, male 1.4-1.8 adult, female 1.2-1.6 inside erythrocyte ~3.3 per red blood cell 27-32 picograms Hexosephosphate P 1.4-5 0-2 Histamine 6.7-8.6 Histidine 9-17 1.1-3.8 Hydrogen ion(pH 7.4) 4 beta-Hydroxybutyric acid 1-6 1-9 17α-Hydroxycorticosteroids 4-10 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone male 20-250 female, follicular 20-80 female, luteal 80-300 female, postmenopausal 4-50 female, child 20-140 AntibodiesImmunoglobulin A (IgA)5-39 Immunoglobulin D (IgD)0.5-8.0 Immunoglobulin G (IgG)5.0-19 Immunoglobulin M (IgM)3.0-30 Immunoglobulin E (IgE)<5 Indican8-50 Inositol3-7 Insulin2.0-8.4 Insulin-like growth factor9.9-50 Iodine total2.4-3.2 4.5-14.5 Iron adult4-6 6-18 Isoleucine9-15 1.2-4.2 Ketone bodies2.3-10 1.5-30 alpha-Ketonic acids adult1-30 L-Lactatearterial<11.3 4.5-14.4 venous8.1-15.3 4.5-19.8 Lead normal1-5 1-7.8 toxic>6-10 Lecithin1.1-1.2 1-2.25 Leptin1.2 Leucine1.4-2 1.2-5.2 Leukocytes (#/cm3) Total: total, birth9.0-30.0 total, pediatric4.5-15.5 total, adult, range4.3-11.0 total, adult, median7.0 Neutrophil granulocytes, birth6.0-26.0 Neutrophils, pediatric1.5-8.5 Neutrophils, adult, range1.83-7.25 Neutrophils, adult, median3.65 Eosinophil granulocytes birth0.4 Eosinophils, pediatric0.2-0.3 Eosinophils, adult, range0.05-0.7 Eosinophils, adult, median0.15 Basophil granulocytes, adult, range0.015-0.15 Basophils, adult, median0.03 Lymphocytes, birth2-11 Lymphocyte, pediatric1.5-8.0 Lymphocyte, adult, range1.5-4.0 Lymphocyte, adult, median2.5 Monocytes, birth, range0.4-3.1 Monocytes, birth, median1.05 Monocytes, pediatric0.4 Monocytes, adult, range0.21-1.05 Monocytes, adult, median0.43 Phagocytes, birth, range6-26 Phagocytes, birth, median11 Phagocytes, pediatric, range1.5-8.5 Phagocytes, pediatric, median4.1 Phagocytes, adult, range3.5-9.2 Phagocytes, CD4 cell count0.5-1.5 Lipase P1.2-1.4 Lipids total4.45-6.1 4-8.5 Lipoprotein (Sr 12-20)1-10 Lithium1.5-2.5 Lysine1.3-3 2-5.8 Lysozyme (muramidase)1-15 alpha 2-macroglobulinpediatric2-7 male, adult0.9-4.0 female, adult1.2-5.4 Magnesium3.2-5.5 1.8-3.6 Malic acid4.6 1-9 Manganese0-2.5 0-1.9 MelatoninDay1.35-1.45 Night6.07-7.13 Mercurynormal<1 chronic>20 Methemoglobin4-6 Methionine4-6 1-15 Methyl guanidine2-3 beta-2-microglobulin8-24 MIP-1a2.3 MIP-1b9 Mucopolysaccharides1.75-2.25 Mucoproteins8.65-9.6 Nerve growth factor (NGF)6-10 Niacin5-8 2-15 Nitrogenrespiratory gas8.2 9.7 total, nonrespiratory3-3.7 Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous systemafter 15 min rest2.15-4.75 when emitted8.1 8.5 Nucleotide total3.1-5.2 Ornithine4-14 Oxalate1-2.4 Oxygen (respiratory gas)arterial2.4-3.2 3.9 venous1.6-2.3 1.6 Oxytocinmale2 female, nonlactating2 female, pregnant 33-40 wks32-48 Pancreatic polypeptide5-20 Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)1.5-4.5 6-35 Para-aminobenzoic acid3-4 Parathyroid hormone (PTH)2-4 Pentose phosphorated2-2.3 Phenol free7-10 Phenylalanine8-12 1.1-4 Phospholipid2.25-2.85 5-12 Phosphatase acid, prostatic<3 Phosphorusinorganic, adult2-3.9 2.3-4.5 inorganic, children4.0-7.0 total3.5-4.3 1-1.5 Phytanic acid<3 Platelets (#/cm3):range1.4-4.4 median2.5 Platelet-derived growth factor5.0 Polysaccharides total7.3-13.1 Potassium1.6-2.4 1.4-2.2 Pregnenolone3-20 Progesterone (female) female, follicular0.4-0.9 female, midluteal7.7-12.1 pregnancy, weeks 16-18 30-66 pregnancy, weeks 28-3070-126 pregnancy, weeks 38-40131-227 male 12-20 Proinsulinfasting0.5-5 mean1.42-1.70 Prolactin (male) <20 while awake1-7 during sleep9-20 Prolactin (female)follicular<23 luteal5-40 Proline1.2-5.7 ProstaglandinsPGE3.55-4.15 PGF1.26-1.56 15-keto-PGF2a5 15-keto-PGE2<5 Protein total1.9-2.1 6.0-8.3 Protoporphyrin2.7-6.1 Prostate specific antigen0-5 Pseudoglobulin I8-19 Pseudoglobulin II2-8 Purine total9.5-11.5 Pyrimidine nucleotides2.6-4.6 2-12 Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)3.6-90 Pyruvic acid3-10 3-12 RANTES7 Relaxinday <100 preparturition<2 day 100 to 2 days preceding5-40 day preceding parturition100-200 day following parturition<2 Retinol (Vitamin A)1-8 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)1.5-6 2.6-3.7 RNA5-8 4-6 Secretin2.9-4.5 Serine3-20 Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)1.55-1.81 0.8-2.1 Silicon1.4-2.95 2.2-5.7 Sodium3.1-3.4 Solids, total2-2.5 8-9 Somatotropin growth hormone4-140 Sphingomyelin1.5-1.85 1-4 Succinic acid5 Sugar, total7-11 Sulfates inorganic8-12 Sulfur total3.8-5 3.1-3.8 Taurine3-21 Testosterone (male)free5.6-10.2 total275-875 Testosterone (female)free0.24-0.38 total23-75 pregnant38-190 Thiamine (Vitamin B1)3-10 1-9 Thiocyanate5-14 nonsmoker1-4 smoker3-12 Threonine1.3-2 0.9-3.2 Thyroglobulin (Tg)<5 Thyroid hormones4-8 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone5-60 Thyroxine (FT4)free8-24 total4-12 Thyroxine-binding prealbumin2.8-3.5 Thyroxine-binding globulin1.0-3.4 Tin0-4 0-1 alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E)5-20 Transcortinmale1.5-2 female1.6-2.5 Transferrinnewborn1.3-2.75 adult2.2-4 age >60 yrs1.8-3.8 Triglycerides8.5-23.5 2.5-30 Triiodothyroninefree2.3-6.6 total (T3)0.75-2.50 Tryptophan5-10 9-30 Tyrosine8-14 4-25 Urea2-4 1.5-4.7 Uric acidchild2.0-6.7 adult, male3.4-7.2 adult, female2.4-6.1 Valine2-2.9 1.7-4.2 Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)6-16 Vasopressinhydrated4.5 dehydrated3.7 Zinc5-13 7-15