United States House Committee on Ways and Means

The Committee on Ways and Means is the chief tax-writing committee of the United States House of Representatives. The committee has jurisdiction over all taxation, tariffs, and other revenue-raising measures, as well as a number of other programs including Social Security, unemployment benefits, Medicare, the enforcement of child support laws, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, foster care, and adoption programs. Members of the Ways and Means Committee are not allowed to serve on any other House committee unless they are granted a waiver from their party's congressional leadership. It has long been regarded as the most prestigious committee of the House of Representatives.

The United States Constitution requires that all bills regarding taxation must originate in the U.S. House of Representatives, and House rules dictate that all bills regarding taxation must pass through Ways and Means. This system imparts upon the committee and its members a significant degree of influence over other representatives, committees, and public policy. Its Senate counterpart is the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance.

In the 119th Congress, the committee's chair is Jason Smith. Recent chairs have included Bill Thomas, Charlie Rangel, Sander Levin, Dave Camp, Paul Ryan, Kevin Brady, and Richard Neal.

History

The Ways and Means Committee was first established during the first Congress, in 1789. However, this initial version was disbanded after only 8 weeks; for the next several years, only ad hoc committees were formed, to write up laws on notions already debated in the whole House. It was first established as a standing committee by resolution adopted December 21, 1795, and first appeared among the list of regular standing committees on January 7, 1802. Upon its original creation, it held power over both taxes and spending, until the spending power was given to the new Appropriations Committee in 1865.Cannon, J. M., Time and Chance: Gerald Ford's Appointment with History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994), p. 58.

During the Civil War the key policy-maker in Congress was Thaddeus Stevens, as chair of the committee and Republican floor leader. He took charge of major legislation that funded the war effort and permanently transformed the nation's economic policies regarding tariffs, bonds, income and excise taxes, national banks, suppression of money issued by state banks, greenback currency, and western railroad land grants. Stevens was one of the major policymakers regarding Reconstruction, and obtained a House vote of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson (who was acquitted by the Senate in 1868). Hans L. Trefousse, his leading biographer, concludes that Stevens "was one of the most influential representatives ever to serve in Congress. [He dominated] the House with his wit, knowledge of parliamentary law, and sheer willpower, even though he was often unable to prevail." Historiographical views of Stevens have dramatically shifted over the years, from the early 20th-century view of Stevens and the Radical Republicans as tools of enormous business and motivated by hatred of the white South, to the perspective of the neoabolitionists of the 1950s and afterwards, who applauded their efforts to give equal rights to the freed slaves.

Four future presidents – James K. Polk, Millard Fillmore, James A. Garfield, and William McKinley – served as either committee chair or ranking member. Before the official roles of floor leader came about in the late 19th century, the chair of Ways and Means was considered the majority leader. The chair is one of very few representatives to have office space within the Capitol building itself.Schraufnagel, S., Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress (Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2011), p. 239 .

Political significance

Because of its wide jurisdiction, Ways and Means has always been one of the most important committees with respect to impact on policy. Although it lacks the prospects for reelection help that comes with the Appropriations Committee, it is seen as a valuable post for two reasons: given the wide array of interests that are affected by the committee, a seat makes it easy to collect campaign contributions and since its range is broad, members with a wide array of policy concerns often seek positions to be able to influence policy decisions. Some recent major issues that have gone through the Ways and Means Committee include welfare reform, a Medicare prescription drug benefit, Social Security reform, George W. Bush's tax cuts, and trade agreements including the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA).

From 1911 to 1974, the Ways and Means Committee also had the responsibility to appoint members of other committees in addition to its legislative duties. When Ways and Means chair Wilbur Mills' career ended in scandal, Congressman Phillip Burton transferred the committee's selection powers to a separate, newly created committee.

Members, 119th Congress MajorityMinorityJason Smith, Missouri, Chair Vern Buchanan, Florida Adrian Smith, Nebraska Mike Kelly, Pennsylvania David Schweikert, Arizona Darin LaHood, Illinois Jodey Arrington, Texas Ron Estes, Kansas Lloyd Smucker, Pennsylvania Kevin Hern, Oklahoma Carol Miller, West Virginia Greg Murphy, North Carolina David Kustoff, Tennessee Brian Fitzpatrick, Pennsylvania Greg Steube, Florida Claudia Tenney, New York Michelle Fischbach, Minnesota Blake Moore, Utah Beth Van Duyne, Texas Randy Feenstra, Iowa Nicole Malliotakis, New York Mike Carey, Ohio Rudy Yakym, Indiana Max Miller, Ohio Aaron Bean, Florida Nathaniel Moran, TexasRichard Neal, Massachusetts, Ranking Member Lloyd Doggett, Texas Mike Thompson, California John B. Larson, Connecticut Danny Davis, Illinois Linda Sánchez, California Terri Sewell, Alabama Suzan DelBene, Washington Judy Chu, California Gwen Moore, Wisconsin, Vice Ranking Member Brendan Boyle, Pennsylvania Don Beyer, Virginia Dwight Evans, Pennsylvania Brad Schneider, Illinois Jimmy Panetta, California Jimmy Gomez, California Steven Horsford, Nevada Stacey Plaskett, U.S. Virgin Islands Tom Suozzi, New York

Resolutions electing members: (chair), (Ranking Member), (R), (D)

Subcommittees There are six subcommittees in the 118th Congress. In 2011, the Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support was renamed the Subcommittee on Human Resources, returning to the name it held prior to the 110th United States Congress. In 2015, the Select Revenue Measures was renamed the Subcommittee on Tax Policy. In 2019 these two subcommittees were again renamed under Democratic control; Human Resources became Worker and Family Support and Tax Policy was renamed to Select Revenue Measures. In 2023 and under a return to Republican control, they were again renamed to Work and Welfare and Tax respectively.

SubcommitteeChairRanking MemberHealthVern Buchanan (R-FL)Lloyd Doggett (D–TX)OversightDavid Schweikert (R-AZ)Terri Sewell (D-AL)Social SecurityRon Estes (R-KS)John B. Larson (D-CT)TaxMike Kelly (R-PA)Mike Thompson (D-CA)TradeAdrian Smith (R-NE)Linda Sánchez (D-CA)Work and WelfareDarin LaHood (R-IL)Danny Davis (D–IL)

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Historical membership rosters MajorityMinorityJason Smith, Missouri, Chair Vern Buchanan, Florida, Vice Chair Adrian Smith, Nebraska Mike Kelly, Pennsylvania David Schweikert, Arizona Darin LaHood, Illinois Brad Wenstrup, Ohio Jodey Arrington, Texas Drew Ferguson, Georgia Ron Estes, Kansas Lloyd Smucker, Pennsylvania Kevin Hern, Oklahoma Carol Miller, West Virginia Greg Murphy, North Carolina David Kustoff, Tennessee Brian Fitzpatrick, Pennsylvania Greg Steube, Florida Claudia Tenney, New York Michelle Fischbach, Minnesota Blake Moore, Utah Michelle Steel, California Beth Van Duyne, Texas Randy Feenstra, Iowa Nicole Malliotakis, New York Mike Carey, OhioRichard Neal, Massachusetts, Ranking Member Lloyd Doggett, Texas Mike Thompson, California John B. Larson, Connecticut Earl Blumenauer, Oregon Bill Pascrell, New Jersey (until August 21, 2024) Danny Davis, Illinois Linda Sánchez, California Brian Higgins, New York (until February 2, 2024) Terri Sewell, Alabama Suzan DelBene, Washington Judy Chu, California, Vice Ranking Member Gwen Moore, Wisconsin Dan Kildee, Michigan Don Beyer, Virginia Dwight Evans, Pennsylvania Brad Schneider, Illinois Jimmy Panetta, California Jimmy Gomez, California (from February 6, 2024) Steven Horsford, Nevada (from September 10, 2024)

Resolutions electing members: (chair), (Ranking Member), (R), (D), (Gomez), (Horsford)

Subcommittees SubcommitteeChairRanking MemberHealthVern Buchanan (R-FL)Lloyd Doggett (D–TX)OversightDavid Schweikert (R-AZ)Bill Pascrell (D-NJ) (until August 21, 2024)Linda Sánchez (D-CA) (from September 10, 2024)Social SecurityDrew Ferguson (R-GA)John B. Larson (D-CT)TaxMike Kelly (R-PA)Mike Thompson (D-CA)TradeAdrian Smith (R-NE)Earl Blumenauer (D-OR)Work and WelfareDarin LaHood (R-IL)Danny K. Davis (D–IL)

117th Congress MajorityMinorityRichard Neal, Massachusetts, Chair Lloyd Doggett, Texas Mike Thompson, California John B. Larson, Connecticut Earl Blumenauer, Oregon Ron Kind, Wisconsin Bill Pascrell, New Jersey Danny Davis, Illinois Linda Sánchez, California Brian Higgins, New York Terri Sewell, Alabama Suzan DelBene, Washington, Vice Chair Judy Chu, California Gwen Moore, Wisconsin Dan Kildee, Michigan Brendan Boyle, Pennsylvania Don Beyer, Virginia Dwight Evans, Pennsylvania