Turbo is a genus of large sea snails with gills and an operculum, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P.; Rosenberg, G. (2012). Turbo Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=151576 on 2012-09-27
Turbo is the type genus of the family.
Description The shells of species in this genus are more or less highly conspiral, thick, about 20–200 mm, first whorls bicarinate, last whorl large often with strong spiral sculpture, knobs or spines, base convex, with or without umbilicus. Species in this genus have a round aperture and a solid, dome-shaped calcareous operculum. This circular operculum commences as a multispiral disc, like that of a Trochus, upon the outer side of which is deposited a thin calcareous layer by a lobe of the foot which projects partly over it. This arrangement produces an operculum which exhibits all the whorls beneath, but which is only feebly, or not obviously spiral above, from the more or less general distribution of the calcareous matter.
The radula is broad and generally rather short. The median, lateral and marginal teeth are always present, and the formula is invariably ∞.5.1.5.∞. The central teeth contain no cusps. The median tooth consists of a narrow oblong quadrate basal plate, frequently with accessory plates of various forms, to the lower end of which is attached the oval body of the tooth,—a simple plate without cusp, bearing supporting wings at the sides. Frequently the central teeth are asymmetrical in this group. The laterals bear supporting wings at their outer angles, and are various in form, with or without cusps. The inner marginals are very large, with large cusps.G.W. Tryon (1888), Manual of Conchology X; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
The first Turbo species were found in the Upper Cretaceous, approximately 100 million years ago.
Taxonomy According to Alf et al.Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, . the genus Turbo is divided in 16 Recent subgenera. The number of presently known living species in Turbo is 66, plus five subspecies.
Species Species in the genus Turbo include:WoRMS : Turbo accessed : 18 October 2010]Turbo. ITIS. Accessed 22 November 2008
Turbo acutangulus Linnaeus, 1758 (taxon inquirendum) Turbo albofasciatus Bozzetti, 1994 Turbo angelvaldesi Ortea & Espinosa, 1996 Turbo argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 - Silver-mouth Turban Turbo artensis Montrouzier, 1860 Turbo bozzettiana Bozzetti, 2011 Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798) - Brown Dwarf Turban Turbo cailletii P. Fischer & Bernardi, 1856 - Filose turban Turbo canaliculatus Hermann, 1781 - channeled turban Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791 - Chestnut turban † Turbo chevalieri Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971 Turbo chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758 Turbo cidaris Gmelin, 1791 - Crown turban Turbo cornutus Lightfoot, 1786 - horned turban Turbo crassus W. Wood, 1828 Turbo debesi Kreipl & Alf, 2000 † Turbo embergeri Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971 Turbo euthymi Jousseaume, 1881 Turbo excellens G. W. Sowerby III, 1914 Turbo exquisitus Angas, 1877 - Equisite turban † Turbo fakaauensis Tröndlé & Letourneux, 2012 † Turbo faurei Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971 † Turbo fittoni Basterot, 1825 Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828 - Wavy turban Turbo funiculosus Kiener, 1848 Turbo gemmatus Reeve, 1848 † Turbo grangensis Pritchard, 1909 † Turbo granulosus (Grateloup, 1827) Turbo gruneri Philippi, 1846 - Gruner's turban Turbo haraldi Robertson, 1957 Turbo haynesi (Preston, 1914) - Hayne's turban Turbo heisei Prado, 1999 Turbo heterocheilus Pilsbry, 1888 Turbo histrio Reeve, 1848 † Turbo histrioides Kase, Tomida, Inoue & Kadota, 2020 Turbo hosodai Tomida & Kadota, 2014 Turbo imperialis Gmelin, 1791 Turbo intercostalis Menke, 1846 - Ribbed turban † Turbo ishidai Tomida, Sano & Kase, 2021 † Turbo izuensis Kase, Tomida, Inoue & Kadota, 2020 Turbo japonicus Reeve, 1848 Turbo jonathani Dekker, Moolenbeck & Dance, 1992 Turbo jourdani Kiener, 1839 - Jourdan's turban Turbo kenwilliamsi Williams, 2008 - Beautiful turban Turbo laetus Philippi, 1849 Turbo lajonkairii (Deshayes, 1839) Turbo laminiferus Reeve, 1848 - crinkly turban † Turbo lesperonensis Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971 Turbo lorenzi Alf & Kreipl, 2015 † Turbo maderensis Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971 Turbo magnificus Jonas, 1844 - Magifecent turban Turbo marisrubri Kreipl & Alf, 2001 Turbo markusrufi Kreipl & Alf, 2003 Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758 - Green turban † Turbo matsuzakiensis Tomida & Kadota, 2012 Turbo mazatlanicus Pilsbry & H. N. Lowe, 1932 † Turbo mekamiensis Nishiwada, 1894 Turbo militaris Reeve, 1848 - Military turban † Turbo minoensis Itoigawa, 1960 Turbo moluccensis Philippi, 1846 Turbo moolenbeeki Dekkers & Dekker, 2016 † Turbo moorei Hayward, 1981 † Turbo multicarinatus Grateloup, 1832 † Turbo neuvillei Cossmann & Peyrot, 1917 † Turbo oryctus (Suter, 1917) † Turbo ozawai Otsuka, 1938 † †Turbo parvuloides Nomura, 1940 Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758 Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791 Turbo reevii Philippi, 1847 - Reeve's turban Turbo sandwicensis (Pease, 1861) - Hawaiian top shell † Turbo sanoi Tomida & Kadota, 2012 Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758 - South African turban, giant periwinkle, alikreukel Turbo saxosus W. Wood, 1828 - Stony turban Turbo sazae Fukuda, 2017 Hiroshi Fukuda (2017), Nomenclature of the horned turbans previously known as Turbo cornutus (Lightfoot), 1786 and Turbo chinensis Ozawa & Tomida, 1995 (Vetigastropoda: Trochoidea: Turbinidae) from China, Japan and Korea; Molluscan Research Vol. 0, Iss. 0,0 Turbo scitulus (Dall, 1919) - Galapagos turban Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791 - Rough turban Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886 - Miniature turban Turbo sparverius Gmelin, 1791 - Corded Turban Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843 Turbo stenogyrus P. Fischer, 1873 - Miniature turban † Turbo subsetosus d'Orbigny, 1852 † Turbo tenisoni Finlay, 1927 Turbo ticaonicus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798) Turbo tuberculosus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 Turbo tursicus (Reeve, 1843) Turbo walteri Kreipl & Dekker, 2009 † Turbo yoshiharuyabei Tomida & Kadota, 2012
Synonyms The following species were brought into synonymy:
Turbo aculeatus Allan, 1818: synonym of Epitonium muricatum (Risso, 1826) Turbo acutus Donovan, 1804: synonym of Turbonilla acuta (Donovan, 1804) Turbo aegyptius Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Rubritrochus declivis (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775) Turbo aereus Adams J., 1797: synonym of Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778) Turbo aethiops Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Diloma aethiops (Gmelin, 1791) Turbo agonistes Dall & Ochsner, 1928: synonym of Turbo scitulus (Dall, 1919) Turbo albidus Kanmacher, 1798: synonym of Graphis albida (Kanmacher, 1798) Turbo albocinctus Link, 1807: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792) Turbo albulus Fabricius O., 1780: synonym of Menestho albula (Fabricius, 1780) Turbo albus Adams J., 1797: synonym of Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778) Turbo amabilis Ozaki, 1954: synonym of Bolma guttata (A. Adams, 1863) Turbo amussitatus Gould, 1861: synonym of Homalopoma amussitatum (Gould, 1861) Turbo anguis Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lunella undulata (Lightfoot, 1786) Turbo angulatus Eichwald, 1829: synonym of Gibbula adriatica (Philippi, 1844) Turbo anomala Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo cidaris cidaris Gmelin, 1791 Turbo archimedis Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of Turritella terebra (Linnaeus, 1758) Turbo argentata Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 Turbo argenteus Anton, 1839: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 Turbo armatus Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767) Turbo arsinoensis Issel, 1869: synonym of Collonista arsinoensis (Issel, 1869) Turbo aruginosa Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758 Turbo ascaris Turton, 1819: synonym of Aclis ascaris (Turton, 1819) Turbo assimilis Kiener, 1847: synonym of Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828 Turbo asteriola Dall, 1925: synonym of Bolma bartschi Dall, 1913 Turbo aurantius Kiener, 1847: synonym of Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886 Turbo auriscalpium Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Rissoa auriscalpium (Linnaeus, 1758) Turbo ayersi Olsson, 1967: synonym of Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791 Turbo bicarinatus Woodward, 1833: synonym of Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) Turbo bicarinatus G. B. Sowerby I, 1825: synonym of Trichotropis bicarinata (Sowerby I, 1825) Turbo boswellae Barnard, 1969: synonym of Cantrainea boswellae (Barnard, 1969) Turbo breviculus Philippi, 1847: synonym of Littorina brevicula (Philippi, 1844) Turbo briareus Dall, 1881: synonym of Arene briareus (Dall, 1881) Turbo brunneus Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798) Turbo bryereus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Schwartziella bryerea (Montagu, 1803) Turbo caerulescens Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758) Turbo calathiscus Montagu, 1808: synonym of Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758) Turbo calcar Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Astralium calcar (Linnaeus, 1758 Turbo canaliculatus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 Turbo canalis Montagu, 1803: synonym of Lacuna vincta (Montagu, 1803) Turbo cancellatus da Costa, 1778: synonym of Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778) Turbo carduus P. Fischer, 1873: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus f. carduus P. Fischer, 1873 accepted as Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 (original rank) Turbo carinatus Woodward, 1833: synonym of Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) Turbo carinatus da Costa, 1778: synonym of Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778) Turbo carinatus Cantraine, 1835: synonym of Cantrainea peloritana (Cantraine, 1835) Turbo cernicus G. B. Sowerby III, 1896: synonym of Turbo japonicus Reeve, 1848 Turbo carneus Lowe, 1825: synonym of Margarites groenlandicus (Gmelin, 1791) Turbo chemnitzianus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791 Turbo chinensis Ozawa & Tomida, 1995: synonym of Turbo cornutus [Lightfoot], 1786 Turbo cimex Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758) Turbo cinereus Born, 1778: synonym of Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778) Turbo cinereus Couthouy, 1838: synonym of Margarites costalis (Gould, 1841) Turbo cingillus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Cingula trifasciata (J. Adams, 1800) Turbo cingulata Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758 Turbo circularis Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo gruneri Philippi, 1846 Turbo classicarius J.E. Gray, 1850: synonym of Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758 Turbo clathratulus J. Adams, 1798: synonym of Epitonium clathratulum (Kanmacher, 1798) Turbo clathratulus Kanmacher, 1798: synonym of Epitonium clathratulum (Kanmacher, 1798) Turbo clathrus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Epitonium clathrus (Linnaeus, 1758) Turbo coccineus Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1816: synonym of Homalopoma sanguineum (Linnaeus, 1758) Turbo cochlus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758 Turbo confragosus Gould, 1851: synonym of Astralium confragosum (Gould, 1851) Turbo conoideus Brocchi, 1814: synonym of Megastomia conoidea (Brocchi, 1814) Turbo coreensis Recluz, 1853: synonym of Turbo granulatus Gmelin, 1791 Turbo coronatus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791) Turbo costatus Adams J., 1797: synonym of Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798) Turbo crassior Montagu, 1803: synonym of Lacuna crassior (Montagu, 1803) Turbo crassus Kanmacher, 1798: synonym of Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798) Turbo cremensis Andrzeiewsky, 1832: synonym of Gibbula adriatica (Philippi, 1844) Turbo crenatus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Opalia crenata (Linnaeus, 1758)