Diocese of Tivoli

The Diocese of Tivoli () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Latium, Italy, which has existed since the 4th century. In 2002 territory was added to it from the Territorial Abbey of Subiaco.Acta Apostolicae Sedis vol. 94 (2002), pp. 761-763. The diocese is exempt from metropolitan jurisdiction, and is immediately subject to the Holy See."Diocese of Tivoli" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016"Diocese of Tivoli" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016

History Tibur (Tivoli) was a small city on the Anio River, some 17 miles east of Rome, on the Via Tiburtina.Ughelli, Italia sacra I, p. 1301. Cappelletti VI, pp. 641-642. The tradition is that the diocese was founded in the time of Pope Hyginus ( 138–142),Cappelletti VI, p. 653. Thomas Ashby, "La Via Tiburtina," in: Atti e memorie della Società tiburtina Vol. 2 (1922), pp. 74-88. It is without foundation.Lanzoni, p. 137: "II Gams (p. 733) pone il primo vescovo di Tivoli ai tempi di papa Igino o Iginio (136-40 ?), ma senza addurre alcun documento. Ciò non toglie, come vedremo, che la diocesi tiburtina non sia antica." Louis Duchesne finds no indication of a diocese of Tivoli before 366.Louis Duchesne, "Le sedi episcopali dell'antico ducato di Roma," in: Archivio della R. Società Romana di storia patria vol 15 (Roma 1892), p. 496.

The city was strongly fortified by Belisarius in the Gothic War, but almost destroyed by Totila in 540.Procopius The Gothic War Book X, ch. 3: "Among the inhabitants, however, not a man was spared by the Goths, but they were all killed, together with the priest of the city, in a manner which I shall by no means mention, although I know it well...." Loeb Classical Library: Procopius Vol 4, p. 234. After the Lombard invasion it was in the power of the Byzantines. Tibur (Tivoli) is named in the privilegium of the Emperor Louis the Pious in 817, as forming part of the patrimony of St. Peter.Augustin Theiner, Corpus diplomaticus dominii temporalis S. Sedis Vol. 1 (rome: Imprimerie du Vatican 1861), no. III, p. 3, col. 1.( Tivoli had a count, representing the emperor. In August 916, Pope John X won a victory, personally leading his coalition forces against the Saracens at the Battle of the Garigliano, some 35 miles east of Terracina.Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol. 3, second ed. (London: George Bell 1903), pp. 266-270.

Extent and content of the diocese

The archives of the diocese of Tivoli and the archives of the City of Tivoli are extensive.Giuseppe Cascioli, Bibliografia di Tivoli (Tivoli 1923), pp. 25-27. A document of 1402 lists all the properties owned by the churches of the diocese of Tivoli.Cascioli, Bibliografia di Tivoli, p. 26.

On 21 December 973,Bruzza, Regesto, pp. 32-39, gives the date 978, impossibly; Benedict VI died in July 974. Pope Benedict VI confirmed the grants of privileges, persons and property to the diocese of Tivoli by Popes Innocent I (407–417), Nicholas I (858–867), John VIII (872–882), Leo VII (936–939), and Marinus II (945).Kehr II, pp. 76-77, nos. 1-7. The privilege of Marinus II is published by Bruzza, Regesto, pp. 18-26. Pope John XV issued a similar privilege on 23 February 993,Bruzza, Regesto, pp. 42-49. and John XIX on 12 June 1029.Bruzza, Regesto, pp. 59-66.Kehr II, p. 77, nos. 8-9.

Bishop Maifred (or Manfred) of Tivoli) was in Rome, and subscribed the Act of ConfirmationJ. M. Watterich, (ed.), Pontificum Romanorum qui fuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque ad finem saeculi XIII vitae ab aequalibus conscriptae Tomus II (Lipsiae 1862), pp. 122-124, Act of Confirmation. of the election of Pope Calixtus II, probably in February 1119.Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum... Tomus II, pp. 122-124.

In April 1082, the Emperor Henry IV and his Antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna) visited Tivoli for some days, and devastated the countryside.Benizo of Sutri, "Liber ad amicum", Book IX, in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Libelli de Lite Vol. 1 (Hannover: Hahn 1891), p. 613: "Et post pascha, exercitu per civitates et vicina castra undique circumfuso, dimittens apud Tyburim Guibertum, ipse Longobardiam remeavit. Guibertus vero ut Alcimus satis agebat pro sacerdotio suos. Nam per omne festivum tempus magnas depredationes et varias Romanorum civium truncationes faciebat." (Alcimus was a character in the Maccabees) In 1101, the city of Tivoli revolted against the Emperor Otto III, who had attempted to impose a rector on them. They were besieged by the emperor, and, persuaded by Pope Silvester II, they finally submitted; some of their walls were torn down and hostages taken.Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, 2nd ed., Vol. 3 (London: George Bell 1903), pp. 484-488.

Tivoli rebelled at times against the popes, under Emperor Henry IV (1084–1105) and Emperor Henry V, and against Pope Innocent II (1130–1143); at other times it fought against the Roman rebels, as under Pope Eugenius III and Pope Adrian IV. Pope Eugenius, who had been an exile at Segni for nearly a year in 1151 and 1152, was given hospitality by Bishop Otto in 1153 and died at Tivoli on 8 July 1153.J.N.D. Kelly & M.J. Walsh, Oxford Dictionary of Popes 2nd ed. (Oxford: OUP 2010), pp. 173-174. P. Jaffe, Regesta pontificum Romanorum Vol. 2, 2nd ed. (Leipzig: Veit 1888), p. 89.

In the 13th century the Senate of Rome succeeded, under Pope Innocent IV, in 1254, in imposing a tribute on the city, and arrogated to itself the right of appointing a count to govern it in conjunction with the local consuls.Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages 2nd. ed., revised, Vol. V, part 1 (London: George Bell 1906), pp. 299-301. The appointment to the office of count, however, became the prerogative of the pope, and the office was held for one year only.In 1470, Pope Paul II confirmed the Roman Alessio Boccacio; Innocent VIII appointed Gregorio de Paparonibus in 1484; Leo X wrote to Giulio Margano civi Rom. Comiti Civit. nostrae Tiburt. Cascioli, Bibliografia di Tivoli, pp. 14,

Pope Honorius IV resided in Tivoli during the summer of 1285, from 10 July to 7 October; and during the summer of 1286, from 4 July to 1 October.Giuseppe Cascioli, Bibliografia di Tivoli (Tivoli 1923), p. 10.

In the 14th century Tivoli sided with the Guelphs, and in the Western Schism (1378–1417) supported Pope Urban VI against Pope Clement VII.Pacifico, pp. 277-278. After his election, Urban had withdrawn to Tivoli.Gregorovius, Vol. VI, part 2, pp. 511-516. Stephanus Baluzius, Vitae paparum Avenionensium , Vol. 1 (Paris: F. Muguet 1693), pp. 1379-1380. King Ladislaus of Naples (1386–1414) was twice, and later Braccio da Montone once, repulsed from the city in 1417.Giuseppe Cascioli, Gli uomini illustri o degni di memoria della città di Tivoli dalla sua origine ai nostri giorni (Tivoli 1927), p. 184. But Tivoli's strength was undermined by internal factions, in consequence of which Pope Pius II (1458–1464) constructed the fortress which still exists.

The territory passed by purchase, and with the approval of Pope Eugenius IV, to Giovanni Antonio Orsini, Count of Tagliacozzo, on 20 July 1436.Gaetano Moroni, "Tivoli," , in: Dizionario di erudizione historico-ecclesiastica Vol. 75 (Venice: Tip. Emiliana 1855), pp. 278-279.

Under Pope Julius II, the Bishop of Tivoli, Angelo Leonini (1499–1509) was serving as ambassador to Venice, with the powers of a legatus a latere. In April 1509, he was staying in Bologna, and on 3 August 1509 he was promoted archbishop of Torres (Sassari) in Sardinia.Cascioli, Bibliografia di Tivoli, p. 14. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, p. 322, note 2.

Pope Nicholas V issued a bull, in which he annulled the obligation of the bishop and clergy of Tivoli to pay a tax of 100 libri to the city of Rome; on 1 June 1455, Pope Calixtus III revoked the bull of Pope Nicholas.Cascioli, Bibliografia di Tivoli, p. 27. On 28 March 1512, Pope Julius II, in response to formal complaints from the Conservators and other officials of the city of Rome, issued a decree in the form of a bull, "Si Nostrarum civitatum", revoking the powers assumed by the commune of Tivoli, with the encouragement of Cardinal Pietro Isvolies and other protectors, and by the Apostolic Camera, against the financial interests of the city of Rome.Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum... taurensis editio , Vol. 5 (Turin: Franco & Dalmazzo 1860), pp. 514-515. Pope Adrian VI (1521–1523) withdrew the city of Tivoli from the jurisdiction of the Roman Senate.Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica , Vol. 75 (VeneZia: Tip. Emiliana 1855), pp. 79 col. 2; 182 col. 2. He himself had spent time in the summer of 1522 in Tivoli.Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione historico-ecclesiastica Vol. 76 (Venice: Tip. Emiliana 1855), pp. 6-7. In 1527 it was sacked by bands of the supporters of the emperor and the Colonna, important archives being destroyed during the attack.

In the war of Pope Paul IV against Spain which began in 1556, Tivoli was again occupied by the Duke of Alba. On 26 September, the city was invested, and on 1 October he seized Vicovaro. In January 1557, it was recovered for the pope by Pietro Strozzi, the papal commander-in-chief.Ludwig Pastor, The History of the Popes, Vol. XIV (London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner 1924), pp. 146, 152.

In 1744, it was occupied by the Austrians.

Chapter and cathedral

A cathedral was dedicated to the Roman martyr S. Lorenzo at the end of the 8th century.Lanzoni, p. 136.

The cathedral of S. Lorenzo was served by a corporate body called the Chapter. It was headed by four dignities (the Archdeacon, the Archpriest, the Dean, and the Provost) and eleven canons.Ughelli I, p. 1303 In 1676, there were 16 canons.Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 380, note 1. Cardinal Giulio Roma (1634–1652) restored the cathedral of S. Lorenzo, and rededicated it in 1645. He also transferred to the cathedral Chapter the archpriest and five canons of the Collegiate Church of S. Peter. He also began the construction of the diocesan seminary.Ughelli I, p. 1314.

In 1676, the city of Tivoli had 4,000 inhabitants. There were eight parishes in the city, four monasteries of men and two of women.Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 380, note 1.

Synods Cardinal Giulio Roma (1634–1652) held a diocesan synod in Tivoli on 18 December 1636.Synodus tiburtina ab eminentiss. et reverendiss. Cardinali Roma episcopo tiburtino celebrata die 18 decembris MDCXXXVI. Romae: ex officina Jacobi Facciotti, 1637. Cardinal Marcello Santacroce (1652–1674) presided over a diocesan synod on 13 June 1658.Decreta dioecesanae synodi tiburtinae ab eminentissimo et reverendissimo Domino D. Marcello card. Sanctae Crucis, episcopo tiburtino, celebratae anno Domini MDCLVIII die XIII iunii. Romae, typis Mascardi, 1658. Cardinal Galeazzo Marescotti (1679–1684) held a diocesan synod in Tivoli on 13 April 1682.Decreta dioecesanae synodi tiburtinae ab eminentiss. et reverendiss. Domino D. Galeatio tit. Sanctorum Quirici et Iulittae S. B. E. presbytero cardinali Marescotto episcopo tiburtino celebratae anno Domini M.DC.LXXXII die 13 aprilis. Bomae: ex typographia Nicolai Angeli Tinassii, 1682. Cardinal Placido Pezzancheri (1728–1757) presided over a diocesan synod in the cathedral of S. Lorenzo in Tivoli on 27–29 November 1729.Synodus dioecesana ab illustriss. et reverendiss. Domino Domino Placido Pezzancheri, Casae-Marii abbate et sanctae tiburtinae ecclesiae episcopo, Tibure in eccl. cath. invictiss. mart. S. Laurentii, dominica prima adventus ac duabus insequentibus feriis, diebus nempe 27. 28. 29. novembris celebrata anno MDCCXXIX. Bomae: typis Antonii de Rubeis (Rossi), 1730.

Diocesan reorganization