Lucius Petronius Taurus Volusianus (died c.268 AD) was a Roman citizen, apparently of equestrian origins, whose career in the Imperial Service in the mid-Third Century AD carried him from a relatively modest station in life to the highest public offices and senatorial status in a very few years.Southern (2001:103) He may have secured his first appointments before the Licinian Dynasty – (Valerian and his son Gallienus) – acceded to the Empire in 253 AD, but it was in the course of their reign that his upward progress achieved an almost unprecedented momentum and the second factor seems to have been a consequence of the first. The nature of his relationship to the Licinii is uncertain, but it seems likely that a common origin in the Etruscan region of central Italy at least predisposed Gallienus in his favour and he seems to have been that emperor's most trusted servant and adviser during the period of his sole reign - 260(?)-268 AD.
Contemporary sources Almost all that is known of Volusianus is derived from an epigraphic inscription dedicated to him by the Town Council of the municipium of Arretium (Arezzo, Italy) of which he was a patronus. = ILS 1332. However, as a Consul and Praefectus Urbi he also appears in the Fasti Romani, i.e., the record of Roman office-holders.Chron254.
Origins Volusianus was the son of a Roman citizen also with the praenomen 'Lucius' of the Petronii clan. His Roman voting Tribe was the Sabatinae. Sabatina was a district in Etruria; thus it is likely that the family was of Etruscan origin. Volusianus's patronage of Arezzo in later life does not necessarily mean that he was born there, but it does indicate some strong regional connection.
It is possible that, as an Etruscan of equestrian rank - see below - Volusianus had social connections with powerful senatorial families of Etruscan provenance, two of which achieved Imperial status in the mid-third century AD. This would go some way to explain the extraordinary momentum of his career from the early 250s AD onward. The Treboniani (the family of the Emperor Trebonianus Gallus) and the Licinii (the family of the Emperors Valerian and Gallienus) have both been suggested in this connection.Pflaum(1960:901–5)Bray(1997:327-30) It seems agreed that a connection between these families and the Petronii Volusiani based on a common regional origin is not impossible, but that a blood-relationship is unlikely.Bray(1997: App C)
According to the Arretium Inscription, when Volusianus's career began he was already of equestrian rank, but it is not known if he was born into that level of society or achieved it as a result of his career. He probably became a senator in 261 - see below.
Career The Arretium Inscription lists Volusianus's appointments in reverse chronological order according to the usual Roman practice. In chronological order they are:
LAVRENS LAVINAS – This signifies the holding of a minor priesthood. The holders had to be of equestrian status.Cagnat(1898:118). This indicates that he had the property qualifications required for equestrian status, but was not yet admitted to the Ordo Equester - see Roman equestrian order for a fuller explanation of this distinction; EX V DECVRIIS – Signifies membership on one of the panels of five judges of equestrian status available to decide issues of fact;Buckland(1950:632) EQVO PVBLICO – Indicates that he had taken part in the annual parade of the equestrians in Rome and was, therefore, an accredited member of the Ordo and was eligible for official appointments reserved for members of the order; CENTVRIO DEPVTATVS – One of the commanders of the troops detached from the provincial armies for special service about the Emperor. These were formed into a unit known as the Peregrini. When the Emperors were in Rome the Peregrini were quartered at the Castra Peregrina on the Caelian Hill. The centurio deputatus postings ranked high in the centurionate and were highly political and had the rank of primi ordines, the most senior legionary centurions. It seems surprising, therefore, that Volusianus should have been given this job as his first recorded military appointment. It was possible for equestrians to be directly commissioned into the legionary centurionate if an opening could be found in one of the provincial garrisons.Dobson(1974:392–434) However, in the case of the Peregrini a prior posting as a legionary centurion in the provinces was usually a sine qua non. Bray suggests, tentatively, that Volusianus might have had an unrecorded posting as a legionary centurion before he went to the Castra Peregrina,Bray(1997:App C) a proposition also mooted by PflaumPflaum(1960:903) This hypothesis could explain the apparent anomaly, but neither authority seems particularly attached to it; PRIMVS PILVS LEGIONIS XXX VLPIAE – Senior ranking centurion of this legion which was normally stationed at Castra Vetera (modern Xanten) in the province of Germania Inferior. Bray suggests that it was during this posting that Volusianus came to the attention of Gallienus when he campaigned against the Franci in Germania Inferior in the early years of his reign; PRAEPOSITVS EQVITVM SINGVLIARORVM AVGG NN - Commander of a troop of the Emperor's mounted bodyguard - i.e., the 'Imperial Horse Guard'. The Equites Singulares usually provided close-protection for the Emperor, but, detachments could be sent away on special missions.Speidel(1997) Pflaum suggests that this was a reference to such an occasion, although nothing is known of the circumstances. (By the mid-third century the term praepositus indicated a commander appointed for a specific mission or campaign, but was not a substantive rank.Smith(1979)). The formulation Augg NN (i.e., Augustorum Nostrorum– 'of Our August Lords') indicates that there were two Emperors when Volusianus held this office. It is generally assumed that the Emperors concerned were Valerian and Gallienus; In other words, this posting occurred at some stage in the period 253-60 AD."" LEGIONIS X ET XIII GEMINAE PROVINCIAE PANNONIAE ITIM (most likely a misspelling of item) LEGIONIS DACIAE – Indicates that Volusianus was associated with a detached force. The PLRE suggests he was the praepositus.PLRE(1971) The detachment included units from Legio X Gemina which is assumed to have had its main base at Vindobona in Pannonia Superior (modern Vienna, Austria) at this time and Legio XIII Gemina. The latter legion was thought to have been based at Apulum in the province of Dacia (modern Alba Julia in Romania), but this item in the inscription suggests that it may also have had detachments serving in Pannonia. (This could explain the formulation provinciae Panonniae ('of the province of Pannonia') as intended to distinguish these elements from the main body of the legion (in Dacia). The detachments legionis Daciae (i.e., 'of the Dacian legion') might refer to additional detachments of Legio V Macedonica, which, like XIII Gemina, is known to have served in Dacia. The use of such ad hoc formations composed of elements of more than one legion and detached from their parent-bodies became increasingly necessary in the troubled middle years of the third century AD; TRIBVNVS COHORTIS III VIGILUM; XI VRBANAE; III PRAETORIAE – Indicates Volusianus was, successively, a cohort commander in the Vigiles (Roman Watch) (255?), the Cohortes Urbanae (256?), and the Praetorian Guard (257?).PLRE(1971:xxx) The Roman Watch units rarely and the Urban Cohorts never on record served outside Rome and, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, it may be presumed that it was in Rome that Volusianus served these appointments. However, Praetorian Cohorts usually followed the Emperor wherever he was. In the middle to late 250s AD they were, presumably divided between the co-Augusti Valerian and Gallienus. However, this item in the record of Volusianus's cursus seems to indicate that Coh. III was with Gallienus in the West at this time; TRIBVNVS COHORTIS I PRAETORIAE, PROTECTOR AVGG NN – This appointment to the tribunate (command) of the senior praetorian cohort is placed in 259(?). Again the formulation Augg NN indicates that there were two ruling Emperors, so this appointment preceded the capture of Gallienus' father, the Emperor Valerian, by the Persians. The reference indicates that Coh.I was in the west when Volusianus commanded it, but - unlike the case of Cohs. VI and VII - there is no coin-evidence to support this supposition. Protector Augg NN is the first known reference to a newly formed unit of the comitatus of Gallienus, the Protectores Augusti Nostri (i.e. 'Bodyguards of Our August Lord') which was made up of senior officers attached to the Imperial retinue.Christol(1970:passim. As the senior Praetorian tribunus, Volusianus would almost certainly have qualified for membership; PRAEFECTVS VIGILVM PERFECTISSIMVS VIR – Volusianus is now Prefect of the Watch (probably 259 AD). Perfectissimus Vir was an honorific denoting membership of the second rank of the equestrian order. It indicates that the equestrian concerned holds a Court appointment; PRAEFECTVUS PRAETORIO EMINENTISSIVS VIR – About 260(?). The Praetorian Prefect usually served ‘in the Imperial Presence’. Eminentissimus Vir (lit., 'Most Eminent Man') was an honorific signifying the highest equestrian rank reserved for the Praetorian Prefect. Given that the text records Volusianus with this title as well as Perfectissimus Vir - see above - it is curious that it never shows him as a Vir Egregius (i.e., 'Chosen Man', the honorific denoting the lowest rank of equestrians in the Imperial service); VIR CONSULARIS ORDINARIUS – Volusianus was consul ordinarius with Gallienus in 261 - i.e., he was one of the two consuls appointed by the regular constitutional process (election by the Senate at the direction of the Emperor) who gave their name to the year according to the Roman practice. By achieving this office he became a member of the highest rank of the senatorial nobility, the Viri Consulares, which made him eligible for the highest offices in the Imperial System that were reserved for senators who had held the office of consul (i.e., consulares).
Significance of his consular appointment It is generally assumed that, despite being raised to the consulate, Volusianus nevertheless continued to serve as Praetorian Prefect until his appointment as Praefectus Urbi in 267 - see below.Howe(1942:82) This is possible: the office of consul was by this time largely ceremonial - though hugely prestigious (especially when held together with a reigning emperor as in Volusianus's case) - and still a prerequisite of important provincial governorships - but the workload would not have precluded him from holding other offices.
There seems no doubt that the tenure of the praetorian prefecture, the quintessential office of the Imperial autocracy, together with full membership of the Senate, was regarded as deeply transgressive of social norms as established by the constitutional settlement of Augustus by which the Emperor nominally shared his authority with the Roman Senate. During the High Empire (i.e., prior to the reign of Diocletian) the extent to which individual princes maintained the social subordination of the men they entrusted with the Equestrian Prefectures to the senatorial holders of the Great Magistracies inherited from the Republic and especially to the consulate, was regarded as a measure of their fidelity to the legacy of the first Emperor.. Volusianus was the first Praetorian prefect to hold that office in tandem with the consulate since 203 AD when C. Fulvius Plautianus had exercised it under Septimius Severus - not a happy precedent from the point of view of those who held dear the principles of the Augustan Constitutional settlement.