Istro-Romanian grammar expresses the structure of the Istro-Romanian language. It is similar to those of other Eastern Romance languages.

Morphology Istro-Romanian is thought to have evolved from Daco-Romanian (which instead may have evolved independently). The evolution shows two distinct features. Noun declension shows a rationalisation of forms: normal noun declension almost totally disappeared in Istro-Romanian, whereas verbal inflexion is more conservative and its evolution is not as pronounced.

Grammar

Articles Articles have two forms: definite and indefinite. The definite article may be nominal or adjectival, the nominal being added to nouns, and the adjectival placed before adjectives.

The nominal forms are: for masculine nouns: -l and -le, for feminine -a in the singular, and for masculine -i and feminine -le in the plural. As in spoken Daco-Romanian, the -l of the masculine singular definite article is dropped, leaving the linking -u- vowel, e.g. DR lupul > IR lupu (the wolf), DR ursul > IR ursu (the bear), DR mielul > IR mľelu (the lamb).

The -le ending is used for all masculine singular nouns ending in -e, e.g. fråtele (the brother), sorele (the sun), cărele (the dog). Some examples of masculine nouns showing case endings, nominative=accusative, genitive=dative. The vocative case is not shown as this normally corresponds with the nominative.

fiľ (son), fiľi (pl.) CaseIstro-RomanianAromanianMegleno-RomanianRomanianEnglishNom/Acc sg.fiľuhiljluiľiufiulthe sonGen/Dat sg.lu fiľua hiljluilu iľiual fiuluiof/to the sonNom/Acc pl.fiľihiljliiľiifiiithe sonsGen/Dat pl.lu fiľia hiljlorlu iľiial fiilorof/to the sons

socru (father-in-law), socri (pl.) CaseIstro-RomanianAromanianMegleno-RomanianRomanianEnglishNom/Acc sg.socrusocrulusocrusocrulthe father-in-lawGen/Dat sg.lu socrua socruluilu socrual socruluiof/to the father-in-lawNom/Acc pl.socrisocrisocrisocriithe fathers-in-lawGen/Dat pl.lu socria socrilorlu socrial socrilorof/to the fathers-in-law

fråte (brother), fråţ (pl.) CaseIstro-RomanianAromanianMegleno-RomanianRomanianEnglishNom/Acc sg.fråtelefratefratelifratelethe brotherGen/Dat sg.lu fråtelea frateluilu fratelial frateluiof/to the brotherNom/Acc pl.fråţfratsljifraţilifraţiithe brothersGen/Dat pl.lu fråţa fratslorlu fraţiloral fraţilorof/to the brothers

The -a replaces -ĕ and -e, e.g. cåsĕ > cåsa (the house), nopte > nopta (the night); however a few feminine nouns ending in a stressed -e behave differently, e.g. ste > stevu (the star), ne > nevu (the snow).

fetĕ (girl), fete (pl.) CaseIstro-RomanianAromanianMegleno-RomanianRomanianEnglishNom/Acc sg.fetafeatafetafatathe girlGen/Dat sg.lu fetaa featiljeilu fetaal feteiof/to the girl

muľerĕ (woman), muľere (pl.) CaseIstro-RomanianAromanianMegleno-RomanianRomanianEnglishNom/Acc sg.muľeramuljareamuľiareamuiereathe womanGen/Dat sg.lu muľeraa muljariljeilu muľiareaal muiereiof/to the woman

ste (star), stele (pl.) CaseIstro-RomanianAromanianMegleno-RomanianRomanianEnglishNom/Acc sg.stevusteaosteuasteauathe starGen/Dat sg.lu stevua steaoljeilu steuaal steleiof/to the starNom/Acc pl.stelelestealestelilistelelethe starsGen/Dat pl.lu stelelea stealilorlu steliloral stelelorof/to the stars

Neuter nouns behave as masculine nouns in the singular and feminine in the plural. bråţ (arm), bråţe (pl.) – bråţu (the arm), bråţele (pl.) os (bone), ose (pl.) – osu (the bone), osele (pl.) zid (wall), zidur (pl.) – zidu (the wall), zidurle (pl.) plug (plough), plugur (pl.) – plugu (the plough), plugurle (pl.)

The forms of the adjectival article are ćela for the masculine and ćå for the feminine singular, and in the plural masculine ćeľ and feminine ćåle, e.g. ćela bur (the good one). The masculine indefinite article is un and feminine is o. The declension of the indefinite article has disappeared. Examples: un om (a man), un cå (a horse), o misĕ (a table), o båbĕ (an old woman).

Adjectives Adjectives also have three genders, the masculine and feminine forms from the Latin, while the neuter form is of Slavic origin. E.g. bur, burĕ, buro (good). The comparative adjective is måi bur (better) and the superlative is ćel måi bur (the best).

The adjective may precede the noun: bura zi ((the) good day), which in itself can be made definite by the change of -ĕ to -a; or follows the noun: feta muşåtĕ (the beautiful girl).

Pronouns Definite pronouns can be personal, possessive, demonstrative, relative and interrogative.

References A. Kovačec: Notes sur les formes de cas en istroroumain. Studia Romanica 13–14: 75–84, Zagreb 1962 A. Kovačec: Certaines modifications grammaticales des 'quantitatifs' et 'qualitatifs' istroroumains dues a l' influence croate. Studia Romanica 23: 195–210, Zagreb 1967 A. Kovačec: Le calque lexical d' apres le croate comme cause de certains changements grammaticaux istroroumains. Actele de XII Congres International de Lingvistica si Filologie Romanica, vol. 2: 1127–1131, Bucuresti 1971 A. Kovačec: Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik s gramatikom i tekstovima (Glosar Istroroman-Croat cu gramatica si texte). Verba moritura vol. I. Mediteran, Pula 1998

External links

The Istro-romanians in Croatia – Alphabet UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages – entry for Istro-Romanian Istro-Romanian Community Worldwide