The Solvay Institute of Sociology (; abbreviated SIS) is a sociology institute in Brussels, Belgium. It assumed its first "definitive form" Solvay 1902/1906: 26: "Nous avons tenu à formuler ces conclusions au moment même où l'Institut de Sociologie se trouve réalisé sous la forme définitive que nous avions en vue." on 16 November 1902, when its founder Ernest Solvay, a wealthy Belgian chemist, industrialist, and philanthropist, inaugurated the original edifice of SIS in Leopold Park.BS 2006 Under the guidance of its first director, Emile Waxweiler, SIS expressed a "conception of a sociology open to all of the disciplines of the human sciences: ethnology, of course, but also economics [...] and psycho-physiology, contact with which was facilitated by the proximity of the Institute of Physiology".Vatin 1996: 486: "L'autre trait caractéristique de cet institut est sa conception d'une sociologie ouverte sur l'ensemble des disciplines des sciences humaines: l'ethnologie bien sûr, mais aussi l'économie (abordée dans l'esprit de l'Ecole historique allemande), et la psycho-physiologie dont la rencontre était facilitée par le voisinage de l'Institut de physiologie qu'avait créé parallèlement Ernest Solvay."
While SIS is now part of the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and known more simply as that university's Institute of Sociology (), the approach instigated by Solvay and Waxweiler still serves as methodological framework: a synergy between basic and applied research involving interdisciplinary studies firmly anchored in social life.IS 2007
Institutional history In 1894, Solvay established ISS (Gaspari 2002: 602; IS 2005). In addition, in 1897, Solvay gave to "the School of Political and Social Sciences annexed to the Université [libre] de Bruxelles, a sum sufficient to assure its existence over three years" (Rey 1903: 196)."M. Solvay avait déjà donné en 1897, à l'école des Sciences politiques et sociales annexée à l'Université de Bruxelles, une somme suffisante pour assureer pendant trois ans son existence." However, in 1901, as a reflection of his views about the "close links which [...] unite sociological phenomena to the biological phenomena from which they immediately derive" (Solvay 1902/1906: 26),"En montrant ainsi les liens étroits qui, dans notre manière de voir, unissent les phénomènes sociologiues aux phénomènes biologiques donts ils dérivent immédiatement et qui eux-mêmes prennent leurs racines dans l'énergie universelle, nous pensons avoir montré combien les recherches que nous avons indiquées comme devant être poursuivies en ordre principal par l'Institut de Sociologie se rattachent directement et intimement à celles qui sont en cours à l'Institut de Physiologie, édifié précédemment." Solvay disbanded ISS in order to organize SIS along lines more directly and intimately attached to those of the Solvay Institute of Physiology [SIP; Institut de Physiologie Solvay] he had created in 1891 (Solvay 1902/1906: 26; Vatin 1996: 486; Gaspari 2002: 602; Ducenne 2004; IS 2005). SIS was due to become property of the Université libre de Bruxelles twenty-five years after its creation (Rey 1903: 196);"[Solvay] vient par une nouvelle libéralité de consacrer l'existence définitive de cette école et de fonder, en le dotant largement, un Institut de sociologie, qui deviendra propriété de l'Université dans vingt-cinq ans." this transfer actually occurred only twenty-one years later, in 1923 (Anonymous 1960: 213)."L'Institut de Sociologie Solvay, créé en 1902, a été cédé en 1923 à l'Université libre de Bruxelles."
Designed by Belgian architects Constant Bosmans and Henri Vandeveld, SIS was built on a hillside in Leopold Park not far from its sister, SIP, which latter had been designed by Jules-Jacques Van Ysendijck and completed between 1892–1894 (CRM 2000: II; Ducenne 2004; BS 2006).
From its inauguration in 1902, Émile Waxweiler, "one of Belgium's leading thinkers" (Sarton 1917: 168), was installed as the first director of SIS. Waxweiler retained this post until his sudden and accidental death in 1916 (Sarton 1917: 168).
According to George Sarton, SIS "soon became one of the most hospitable places in Belgium: if a stranger applied for admission, nobody ever inquired into his religious or political ideas; all willing workers, big or small, were welcome. Waxweiler had taken great pains to organize this institute, to make of its library, catalogue, and collections an almost perfect instrument, to give to it that atmosphere of freedom and scholarship which is in itself an inspiration" (Sarton 1917: 168).
Sarton (1917: 168) furthermore states that the point of view guiding SIS during Waxweiler's time was "essentially functional," involving "the consideration of social facts, not under their formal, external, descriptive aspect, but rather under their genetic, internal, explanatory aspect."
The ambitious course of research which SIS had embarked upon under Waxweiler's guidance may readily be summarized by the rubrics under which his Archives Sociologiques arrayed and reviewed new works contributing either to the progress of human sociology or to its introduction (cited in Sch. 1912: 37):
Introduction Energetics and general biology in their relations with sociology [Energétique et biologie générale dans leurs rapports avec la Sociologie] Ethology of interindividual relations among living beings other than humans [Ethologie des rapports interindividuels chez les êtres vivants autres que les hommes] Human and comparative physiology and psychology in their relations to sociology [Physiologie et psychologie humaines et comparées dans leurs rapports avec la Sociologie] Human Sociology Social accommodation [Accommodation sociale] Social organisation [Organisation sociale] Doctrine and method [Doctrine et méthode]
In addition, thanks to Solvay's largesse, Waxweiler's expansive vision, and its implantation in an architectural space of its own, SIS — utilizing modern methodologies from its very beginning — was never enthralled by any particular school of thought, such as that cast by Durkheim on the bulk of Francophone sociology, and functioned as "a true 'laboratory,' conducting in-depth inquiries, often involving statistical instrumentation, on the conditions of urban life, labor organisation, economic development, or even the ethnography of the Belgian Congo" (Vatin 1996: 486)."L'Institut ne constitue pas une école de pensée (comme l'était à la même époque le courant durkheimien), mais, grâce à ses moyens financiers et à son implantation dans des « murs » propres, un véritable « laboratoire », réalisant des enquêtes lourdes, souvent statistiquement instrumentées, sur les conditions de vie urbaine, l'organisation du travail, le développement économique ou encore l'ethnographie du Congo belge."
Following Waxweiler's death in 1916, SIS was run jointly by Maurice Anciaux and Georges Barnich until 1920, thence by Barnich and Georges Hostelet until 1923 (IS 2007), when the institute, in accordance with Solvay's original plan (Rey 1903: 196), was ceded to the Université libre de Bruxelles (Anonymous 1960: 213).
It seems that during the time Barnich and Hostelet served as directors, SIS was not immune to the eugenical movement that was inflaming minds the world over throughout the 1920s. In early October 1922, for example, The International Commission of Eugenics met in Brussels, where the commission's chairman, Major Leonard Darwin, gave an address entitled "L'Eugénique" at SIS, as did a Professor Doctor Winner [or Wimmer] of Copenhagen, on "Mental Heredity" (Anonymous 1922: 626). On Tuesday, October 10, a meeting in the "large hall" of SIS inaugurated the institute's "eugenics room" (Anonymous 1922: 626-627). In early 1923, apparently, this "small room" became the Belgian National Office of Eugenics (Anonymous 1923).
Following its incorporation into the Université libre de Bruxelles, the directors of the Institute of Sociology have been eight in number: Ernest Mahaim (1923–1935), Georges Smets (1935–1952), Henri Janne (1952–1959), Arthur Doucy (1959–1980), Nicole Delruelle-Vosswinkel (1980–1989), Jacques Nagels (1989–1998), Alain Eraly (1998–2003), and currently, since 2003, Firouzeh Nahavandi (IS 2007).
Publication history
Notes et Mémoires Along with the documents relating to the establishment of SIS,"M. Solvay fait accompagner les documents relatifs à cette donation d'une note sur sa conception de la physiologie et de ce qu'il appelle la physio- et la psycho-sociologie" (Rey 1903: 196). Solvay presented an essay, Note sur des formules d'introduction à l'énergétique physio- et psycho-sociologique (in-8°, 55 pages; Bruxelles, Lamertin), which sketched an introduction to the "physio-sociological and psycho-sociological energetics" that SIS, with Waxweiler at the helm, was entailed conjointly to explore with SIP (Rey 1903; Solvay 1902/1906; IS 2007). Four years later, Solvay reissued this essay as the first fascicule of the Institute's in-4° series of publications, Notes et Mémoires [Notes and Monographs] (Solvay 1902/1906).
Abel Rey's 1903 review of this essay, though lauding the remarkable ends to which Solvay put his fortune — an example he wished others in France as well as in Belgium would follow — was highly critical:
One would be tempted to continue approving him without reserve in regards his scientific conceptions, if their foundation was, as he says, the application to the social sciences of the fruitful and proven methods of physical chemistry and biology, since everyone believes that this entails the methods of minute observation and experimental comparison which have provided these sciences with their bases and their inductions. Unfortunately, it is not so, and from the start M. Solvay would formulate a deductive sociological method, analogous to that of mathematical physics, or of chemical mechanics, and still without analogue in the field of biology, unless it be in the singular concepions of the author (Rey 1903: 196)."On pourrait être tenté de continuer à l'approuver sans réserves dans ses conceptions scientifiques si leur fondement était, comme il le dit, l'application aux sciences sociales des méthodes fécondes et éprouvés de la physico-chimie et de la biologie, car tout le monde croirait qu'il s'agit ici des méthodes d'observation minutieuse et de comparaison expérimentale qui ont fourni à ces sciences leurs assises et leurs inductions. Malheureusement il n'en est pas ainsi, et du premier coup M. Solvay voudrait formuler une méthode sociologique déductive, analogue à celle de la physique mathématique, ou de la mécanique chimique, et sans analogue encore dans le domaine de la biologie, si ce n'est dans les conceptions particulières de l'auteur" (Rey 1903: 196).