was the first pre-dreadnought battleship built for the (French Navy). Completed in 1896, she was the sole member of her class, with a main battery of heavy guns mounted on the centerline and the first use of Belleville boilers. She formed the basis for several subsequent designs, beginning with . As completed in 1893, the ship was very top-heavy and had to be rebuilt over the next three years before she was ready to enter service.
spent the majority of her service in the Mediterranean Squadron, and she served as its flagship early in her career. In 1900, she accidentally rammed and sank the destroyer . As newer battleships were commissioned into the fleet, was relegated to the Reserve Squadron in the early 1900s and then served as a training ship. The ship had been decommissioned before the First World War began in August 1914 and was disarmed in 1915. She served as a source of spare parts and equipment for other ships during the war. Her hulk was stricken from the naval register in 1919 and was ultimately scrapped three years later.
Design
In 1880, the French Navy embarked on a naval construction program that included the ironclad battleships and the three-ship ; the program called for two more vessels, which were to be laid down in 1882. The first of these was to have been named and work began in 1885. Admiral Théophile Aube, who opposed battleship construction in favor of the cheaper torpedo boats and cruisers of the , became the Naval Minister and cancelled both ships in January 1886 before much work had been done. Aube left the government in 1887 and his successor permitted work to resume; the ship's designer, Charles Ernest Huin, lobbied to restart construction to keep the shipyards busy. He re-designed to meet new requirements and the design was approved in 1889, allowing work to resume. The sections of hull that had been assembled on the slipway were dismantled, with the steel used elsewhere in the new ship. The fact that the same slipway was used to build both vessels, and parts of the original were reused in the latter vessel has caused some to conflate the vessels. The two ships were, nevertheless, distinct vessels. The second was ordered in 1888.
was the first pre-dreadnought-style battleship built in the French Navy; the previous -class ships were barbette ships, a type of ironclad battleship. The ship introduced several advances for the French fleet: new, 42-caliber guns arranged in turrets forward and aft of the superstructure, the first use of homogeneous steel armor, and the first Belleville boilers. Other changes included the adoption of a thin upper strake of armor to protect against quick-firing guns and the abandonment of the ram bow. formed the basis for the subsequent group of five broadly similar battleships built to the same design specifications, begun with , though they reverted to the armament layout of the earlier s which saw the main guns distributed in single turrets in a lozenge (quadrilateral) pattern.
General characteristics and machinery
was long between perpendiculars and long overall. The ship had a beam of , a draft of . and displaced at deep load, after her reconstruction. proved to be grossly overweight; during her initial sea trials in 1893, her draft was greater than it should have been, and this was not in a fully loaded condition. The increased draft submerged most of the ship's armored belt, rendering it largely useless. Her hull was subdivided by 18 watertight bulkheads and she had a double bottom that extended over the full length of the hull except at the bow. had a crew of 667 officers and enlisted men.
The ship suffered from very poor stability, largely a result of her massive superstructure that placed a great deal of weight high in the ship. These problems were not fully solved by extensive reconstruction between 1893 and 1896, which contributed to a short career. Her first stability trial was conducted on 17 June 1893 with all her guns traversed to starboard and her entire crew mustered on the same side; took on a 28° list and the barrels of her 164.7 mm casemate guns were half-submerged. Her metacentric height was calculated at during this incident. The ship's excessive topweight from her massive superstructure, heavy military masts and tall funnels contributed to the problem, together with the pronounced tumblehome of her hull.
had a pair of four-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a single , four-bladed propeller, using steam supplied by 32 Belleville water-tube boilers at a working pressure of . The boilers exhausted into a pair of large funnels located amidships. The decision to fit with water-tube boilers was made in 1887, and she was the first large ship to be equipped with them. Her engines were rated at , which was intended to allow the ship to steam at a speed of ; during her sea trials on 9 January 1896, reached a maximum speed of from . The ship could carry of coal, which gave her a range of at a speed of . Electricity for lighting, searchlights, pumps, ventilators and other equipment was provided by four 400-ampere dynamos, each driven by a dedicated internal-combustion engine.
Armament and armor
s main battery consisted of three 42-caliber Canon de Modèle 1887 guns, two in a twin turret forward of the superstructure, and the third in a single turret aft. They fired cast iron (CI) projectiles, or heavier armor-piercing, capped (APC) and semi-armor-piercing, capped (SAPC) shells at a muzzle velocity of . At their maximum elevation of +10°, the guns had a range of . Designed to have a rate of fire of one round per two minutes, the actual rate of fire was about half that in service. The ship initially stowed 39 shells for each gun, but this was later increased to 61. The ship's secondary armament consisted of ten 45-caliber Canon de Modèle 1893 guns, four of which were mounted in single turrets amidships; the other six were located directly underneath them in casemates. They had a muzzle velocity of when firing their CI or AP or SAP shells. The guns had a range of at their maximum elevation of +20°.
For defense against torpedo boats, was equipped with a suite of quick-firing guns, the largest of which were four 50-caliber Canon de Modèle 1891 guns in single unshielded mounts on the fore and aft superstructure. Their shells had a muzzle velocity of which gave them a range of . The suite was rounded out by fourteen 40-caliber Modèle 1885 guns and fourteen Modèle 1885 Hotchkiss guns, of which six of the latter were 5-barrel revolver cannon. All of these guns were positioned in the fighting tops on the military masts and in the superstructure. The ship was also fitted with four above-water torpedo tubes on rotating mounts, two on each broadside. She carried two Modèle 1889 torpedoes for each tube. The torpedoes had two speed and range settings: at or at .
s armor mostly consisted of nickel steel. The waterline belt was thick amidships and tapered down to at its lower edge. Fore and aft of the armored citadel amidships, the belt reduced to at the waterline; forward its lower edge tapered to a thickness of , but aft the belt tapered to on its bottom edge. The main armored deck was thick. The forward turret and its barbette were protected by armor plates thick, while those of the aft turret and its barbette were thick. The turret roofs were thick. The armor protecting the casemates and secondary gun turrets had a thickness of . The conning tower had thick sides.
Construction and career
, named after the Gallic chieftain, was laid down at the Arsenal de Lorient on 2 January 1889 and launched on 17 October 1891. Fitting-out work was completed in 1893, but serious problems with her stability delayed her commissioning. The day after her stability trials on 17 June, the shipyard was notified that there would be a seven-month delay in the delivery of her propellers and the decided that the ship would use the propellers from the ironclad in the interim. steamed to Brest on 2 August where some of material were removed and she conducted preliminary steam trials on 5 September. The following month, the Arsenal de Brest submitted a proposal to lighten the ship which it estimated was overweight, which was approved on 30 October.
To reduce the ship's excessive topweight, the bridge wings and the overhang of the bridge over the main-gun turrets was eliminated. More importantly, the top deck of the superstructure was removed and the aft military mast was replaced by a pole mast. To further reduce weight, the torpedo nets were removed and the boat stowage was lowered by one deck. To improve her stability, a watertight caisson () was added at the waterline over her belt armor. The opportunity was taken to replace her propellers and the 164.7 mm Modèle 1887 guns initially installed were replaced by the latest model.
The ship began her preliminary sea trials in August 1895 and a second stability trial was conducted on 22 December that showed a metacentric height of . Despite these modifications, the ship was not fully satisfactory. A report by (Captain) Joseph Besson, the ship's first commander, stated: The ship has good qualities but also major defects. The most serious problem is that when engaging on the broadside the ship is effectively unarmoured. The 340 mm turrets are too heavy and are not balanced, and when both are trained on the same beam the heel of the ship is such that the upper edge of the belt is level with the water. This means that the only side protection against enemy shell is provided by the 10 cm upper belt. The thickness of the armour belt at its lower edge—only 25 cm—and the large turning circle are further weaknesses.
1896–1900
finally entered service on 11 January 1896 at a cost of F25,083,675, although her post-trials refit made her unavailable until 1 April. Despite her problems, as the most modern capital ship of the French fleet, she served as the flagship of the Mediterranean Squadron under (Vice admiral) Alfred Gervais. While towing targets for the other ships in her squadron on 24 August, the ship was accidentally fired upon by the torpedo cruiser ; one man was wounded in the incident. Gervais was relieved by Jules de Cuverville on 15 October, who was replaced in his turn by Edgar Humann on 15 October 1897. That year, the issued a new doctrine for gunnery control. During gunnery training exercises to test the new system, and the ironclad battleships and achieved 26 percent hits at a range of . Their success prompted the Navy to make this method the standard for the fleet in February 1898. On 16 April 1898, Félix Faure, President of France, boarded the ship to watch maneuvers. After their completion he suggested a race between the battleships; after two hours trailed the newer and , but beat four older ships.
The ship participated in the annual fleet maneuvers during 8–20 July. Navy Minister Édouard Lockroy then observed gunnery exercises aboard her in September that culminated with the sinking of the old floating battery . Ernest François Fournier hoisted his flag aboard as commander of the Mediterranean Squadron on 1 October. Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère became captain of the ship that same day. Desiring a figurehead for his ship, he located an old one of the goddess Ceres in storage and ordered that she be refashioned into a Gaul. He also ordered his chief engineer to make a suitable copper helmet for the figurehead. Stowed below whenever the ship went to sea, was the last ship in the to bear a figurehead. As tensions between France and Great Britain rose during the Fashoda Incident, the squadron's sailors had their leave canceled on 18 October and the battleships loaded their full complement of ammunition before disembarking it on 5 November when the two countries settled their differences.