The 1970 United States Senate election in Florida was held on November 3, 1970. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Spessard Holland decided to retire instead of seeking a fifth term. During the Democratic primary, former Governor C. Farris Bryant and State Senator Lawton Chiles advanced to a run-off, having received more votes than Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives Frederick H. Schultz, attorney Alcee Hastings, and State Representative Joel T. Daves III. Chiles soundly defeated Bryant in the run-off election, scoring a major upset due to his comparatively small name recognition prior to the election. To acquire name recognition and media coverage, Chiles walked about across the state of Florida and was given the nickname "Walkin' Lawton".
The Republican primary exposed an in-party feud between Governor Claude R. Kirk Jr. and U.S. Representative William C. Cramer. In the election, Cramer handily defeated G. Harrold Carswell and body shop owner George Balmer; the former was a Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals judge favored by Kirk and had been rejected as a Supreme Court of the United States nominee a few months prior to the primary. Chiles won the election by a relatively small margin of 7.8%, receiving 902,438 votes against Cramer's 772,817 votes.
Background Incumbent Spessard Holland, who served in the Senate since 1946, decided to retire rather than seek a fifth term. Although the Democratic Party had dominated state elections since the Reconstruction Era, Claude R. Kirk Jr. and Edward Gurney, both Republicans, were elected Governor and Senator in 1966 and 1968, respectively.Hathorn, p. 403
Democratic primary Candidates C. Farris Bryant, former governor of Florida (196165) Lawton Chiles, state senator from Lakeland Joel T. Daves III, state representative from Palm Beach Alcee Hastings, Miramar civil rights attorney Frederick H. Schultz, Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives from Jacksonville
Withdrew
Robert Haverfield, state senator from Miami
Declined
Sam Gibbons, U.S. representative from Tampa
Campaign Initially, Bryant, a well-known figure, was seen as a natural front-runner. He was challenged by State Senator Lawton Chiles, Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives Frederick H. Schultz, attorney Alcee Hastings, and State Representative Joel T. Daves III.
"Walkin' Lawton"
Chiles, despite a twelve-year career in the legislature, was largely unknown outside his district. A poll indicated that Chiles had a name recognition of only 5%. To generate some media coverage across the state, Chiles embarked upon a walk across Florida.Hathorn, p. 417 He would spend each night in a camper, which was driven by one of his aides.Coggin, p. 75
On March 17, Chiles began the walk starting in Century, a small town in Escambia County along the Alabama state line. He initially headed east along State Road 4, toward Tallahassee. Throughout the journey, a number of people walked a small portion of the distance, including State Senators Wilbur H. Boyd – uncle of State House member Jim Boyd – and Bob Saunders.Coggin, p. 80Coggin, p. 93 Upon reaching the community of Milligan, Chiles turned onto U.S. Route 90, then the main highway through the Florida Panhandle, toward Crestview.Coggin, p. 416 On April 7, he reached Tallahassee and remained there during the Florida Legislative session, which lasted 60 days.Coggin, p. 74 Thereafter, he continued on Route 90 for several days, until reaching Lake City, where he began heading along State Road 100 to the city of Lake Butler.Coggin, p. 92
After reaching Starke, Chiles headed south on Route 301 toward Waldo, where he switched to State Road 24 toward Gainesville. There, he met many students, professors, and others in the vicinity of the University of Florida,Coggin, p. 443 his alma mater. He next made a side trip to Pasco County, visiting Dade City, New Port Richey, and Zephyrhills.Coggin, p. 94 Chiles made another side trip to Volusia County on the east coast, passing through the cities of Daytona Beach, DeLand, and New Smyrna Beach. Thereafter, he went back to Gainesville and walked south on Route 441 to Ocala.Coggin, p. 95
The 91-day walk earned him the recognition he sought, and the nickname that would follow him throughout his political career – "Walkin' Lawton", coined by Associated Press writer John Van Gieson after Chiles passed through the town of Ponce de Leon.Coggin, p. 81
16.4% of the voting age population participated in the Democratic primary.
Results Primary election
Runoff primary election
Republican primary Candidates George Balmer, body shop owner G. Harrold Carswell, former judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and nominee for the United States Supreme Court Bill Cramer, U.S. representative from St. Petersburg
Campaign In fall 1969, Cramer declared his candidacy for the United States Senate with encouragement from President Richard Nixon; incumbent Spessard Holland announced his retirement as expected shortly thereafter. He was opposed in the Republican primary by Ray Osborne, the lieutenant governor and a Kirk ally."Cramer v. Kirk," p. 410 However, after Nixon's appointment of G. Harrold Carswell to the Supreme Court of the United States was rejected in the Senate, conservatives in Florida urged Carswell to resign from as a Court of Appeals judge to run for the open seat.The New York Times, April 9, 26, and July 15, 1970 Both Kirk and Gurney endorsed Carswell, and Osborne withdrew from the race."Cramer v. Kirk", p. 411
Nixon remained neutral in the primary between Carswell and Cramer, and his press secretary, Gerald Lee Warren, claimed that Nixon has "no knowledge [of] and no involvement [with]" the Carswell campaign.The New York Times, April 21, 23, 29 and September 9, 1970 Carswell himself claimed that he no knowledge of the gentleman's agreement between Cramer and Gurney and had been considering a run for Senate before he was ever nominated to the Supreme Court."Cramer v. Kirk," p. 411 Carswell ran a conservative campaign, claiming that his rejection by the Senate was attributable to the "dark evil winds of liberalism" and the "Northern press and its knee-jerking followers in the Senate."Miami Herald, September 4, 1970; U.S. News & World Report, September 7, 1970, pp. 34-35 He was endorsed by John Wayne and Gene Autry, and he hired Richard Viguerie as a fundraiser."Cramer v. Kirk," p. 412
Cramer stressed his success in amending the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to prohibit desegregation busing and questioned Carswell's concurrence in two Fifth Circuit busing decisions.Newsweek, September 21, 1970, p. 39; Time, September 21, 1970, pp. 16-17; Tallahassee Democrat, September 6, 1970The New York Times, July 31, 1970, Miami Herald, September 4, 1970; Tallahassee Democrat, September 6, 1970 Cramer also attacked "cop killers, bombers, burners, and racial revolutionaries who would destroy America."The New York Times, August 31, 1970
In parallel to the campaign for Senate, Jack Eckerd, a Pennsylvania transplant and drugstore magnate, ran against Kirk for the Republican nomination, predicting that Kirk's renomination would mean defeat in the general election. Although Cramer did not publicly take a position in the primary, he privately voted for Eckerd, and Kirk later accused him of providing covert support to the Eckerd campaign.Miami Herald, September 6, 1977
In the September primary, Cramer easily defeated Carswell and businessman George Balmer. Cramer attributed his Senate nomination to his grassroots support and Carswell's lack of campaign experience; Carswell claimed that his support among conservative Democrats would have been considerable had Florida, like Alabama and Georgia, used an open primary."Cramer v. Kirk", p. 414; Tallahassee Democrat, September 4, 1970 In the gubernatorial primary, neither Kirk nor Eckerd received a majority of the vote; Kirk later won the runoff election when the third candidate in the race, Skip Bafalis, endorsed him.Tallahassee Democrat, September 12, 14, 1970
Results
General election
Candidates Lawton Chiles, state senator from Lakeland (Democratic) Bill Cramer, U.S. representative from St. Petersburg (Republican)
Campaign In the general election, both Cramer and Kirk were endorsed by their respective primary opponents, but neither Carswell nor Eckerd were active in the campaign. By contrast, the Democratic Party was united behind their nominees, Lawton Chiles for senator and Reubin Askew for governor."Cramer v. Kirk", pp. 415-416 The Miami Herald, which endorsed the Democratic ticket, noted that Kirk and Cramer formed an "uneasy alliance."Miami Herald, October 1, 11, 1970 Republican representative Louis Frey Jr. implored the factions to unite for the general election.
Cramer struggled to gain traction against Chiles, who had become broadly popular during the primary campaign after his 92-day, 1,000 mile walk from the Panhandle to Key Largo.Lamis, Two-Party South, p. 185; Miami Herald, September 9, 1970; Tallahassee Democrat, September 6 and November 1, 1970Tallahassee Democrat, November 1, 1970; Miami Herald, September 4, 1970Miami Herald, September 9 and October 29, 1970"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 418 Cramer sought to paint Chiles as a liberal, but The New York Times observed that Chiles and Askew "convey[ed] amiable good ol' boy qualities with moderate-to-liberal aspirations that do not strike fear into the hearts of conservatives."Numan V. Bartley and Hugh D. Graham, Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction (Baltimore, Maryland, 1975), pp. 146-147; Miami Herald, October 27, 1970The New York Times, October 11, 1970 Cramer also campaigned against J. William Fulbright as the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In response, Chiles noted that if Republicans controlled the Senate, other southern Democrats would also forfeit committee chairmanships earned and long controlled through their seniority."Cramer v. Kirk", p. 420
Chiles sought to court the growing environmental vote by announcing his opposition to the Cross Florida Barge Canal, which had been supported by every member of the Florida congressional delegation and was one-third completed. Cramer questioned Chiles' opposition to a proposed severance tax on phosphate mining, which particularly affected Tampa Bay."Cramer v. Kirk" p. 418 Cramer attacked Chiles's personal wealth (estimated at $300,000, or approximately $ in ) and multiple votes he had cast in the Florida Senate on insurance while running an insurance agency as conflicts-of-interests.Miami Herald, October 10, 1970; Tallahassee Democrat, October 10, 18, 1970Miami Herald, October 23, 1970; Tallahassee Democrat, November 1, 1970
Both candidates were opposed to desegregation busing, though Chiles attracted Black support by declaring Cramer's efforts to introduce antibusing legislation as "just talk" and "an emotional issue" and proposing magnet schools to negate busing as an issue.
Endorsements Richard Nixon campaigned throughout the state for Cramer, marking the first presidential appearance in Tallahassee since William McKinley. Nixon emphasized his opposition to desegregation busing as contrary to the law and "quality education."Tallahassee Democrat, October 28, 29, 1970 He also visited St. Petersburg, where he called for an honorable end to American involvement in the Vietnam War and attacked "permissiveness, pornography, and busing," Miami Beach, and Palm Beach.Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon (Washington, D.C., 1971), p. 950Nixon Papers, pp. 951-956