A weather god or goddess, also frequently known as a storm god or goddess, is a deity in mythology associated with weather phenomena such as thunder, snow, lightning, rain, wind, storms, tornadoes, and hurricanes; in some instances, they are associated with skies as well, as a general association, and thus many of them are also sky deities, or are in close association with one.
Should they only be in charge of one feature of a storm, they will be called after that attribute, such as a rain god or a lightning/thunder god. This singular attribute might then be emphasized more than the generic, all-encompassing term "storm god", though with thunder/lightning gods, the two terms seem interchangeable. They feature commonly in polytheistic religions, especially in Proto-Indo-European ones.
Storm gods are most often conceived of as wielding thunder and/or lightning (some lightning gods' names actually mean "thunder",Scheffer, Johannes (1674). The History of Lapland. OxfordEesti Keele Instituut (Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia); Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv (1 January 2004). Folklore: electronic journal of folklore. The Institute. Retrieved 19 August 2012.Orel (2003:429) but since one cannot have thunder without lightning, they presumably wielded both). The ancients did not seem to differentiate between the two, which is presumably why both the words "lightning bolt" and "thunderbolt" exist despite being synonyms. Of the examples currently listed storm themed deities are more frequently depicted as male, but both male and female storm or other rain, wind, or weather deities are described.
Africa and the Middle East
Sub-Sahara Africa Umvelinqangi, god of thunder in Zulu traditional religion Ọya, the orisha of winds, tempests, and cyclones in Yoruba religion Bunzi, goddess of rain, in Kongo religion. Tano (Ta Kora), a god of thunder and war in the Akan religion.
Afroasiatic Middle East
Canaanite Baal, Canaanite god of fertility, weather, and war. Hadad, the Canaanite and Carthaginian storm, fertility, & war god. Identified as Baʿal's true name at Ugarit. Yahwism, in the faith of ancient Israel and Judah. Yahweh is said to have absorbed the attributes of other Levantine deities, taking on weather-god functions like storm, wind, rain and fertility control.
Egyptian Horus, the Egyptian god of rainstorms, the weather, the sky and war. Associated with the sun, kingship, and retribution. Personified in the pharaoh. Set, the Egyptian chaos, evil, and storm god, lord of the desert.
Mesopotamian Enlil, god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms Adad, the Mesopotamian weather god Manzat, goddess of the rainbow Shala, wife of Adad and a rain goddess Wer, a weather god worshiped in northern Mesopotamia and in Syria
Western Eurasia
Albanian Dielli, the Sun: god of the sky and weather Zojz, Shurdh, i Verbti, Rmoria: sky and weather god
Balto-Slavic Bangpūtys, Lithuanian god of storms and the sea Perkūnas, Baltic god of thunder, rain, mountains, and oak trees. Servant of the creator god Dievas. Perun, Slavic god of thunder and lightning and king of the gods
Basque Mari, "The Lady" Sugaar
Celtic Taranis, Celtic god of thunder, often depicted with a wheel as well as a thunderboltPaul-Marie Duval. 2002. Les Dieux de la Gaule. Paris, Éditions Payot.
Germanic Freyr, Norse god of agriculture, medicine, fertility, sunshine, summer, abundance, and rain Thor, Norse god of thunder/lightning, oak trees, protection, strength, and hallowing. Also Thunor and Donar, the Anglo-Saxon and Continental Germanic versions, respectively, of him. All descend from Common Germanic *Thunraz, the reflex of the PIE thunder god for this language branch of the Indo-Europeans.Orel (2003:429)
Greco-Roman Aeolus (son of Hippotes), keeper of the winds in the Odyssey Anemoi, collective name for the gods of the winds in Greek mythology, their number varies from 4 to more Jupiter, the Roman weather and sky god and king of the gods Neptune, the Roman God of the seas, oceans, earthquakes and Storms Poseidon, Greek God of the sea, King of the Seas and Oceans, God of Earthquakes and Storms. He is referred to The Stormbringer Tempestas, Roman goddess of storms or sudden weather. Commonly referred to in the plural, Tempestates Tritopatores, wind gods Zeus, Greek weather, lightning and sky god and king of the gods
Western Asia
Anatolian-Caucasian Tamar (goddess), Georgian virgin goddess who controlled the weather. Tarḫunna, Hittite storm god; other Anatolian languages had similar names for their storm gods, such as Luwian below. Tarḫunz, Luwian storm god. Teshub, Hurrian storm god. Theispas or Teisheba, the Urartian storm and war god. Vayu, Hindu/Vedic wind god. Weather god of Nerik, Hittite god of the weather worshiped in the village of Nerik. Weather god of Zippalanda, Hittite god of the weather worshiped in the village of Zippalanda.
Hindu-Vedic Indra, Hindu God of the Weather, Storms, Sky, Lightning, and Thunder. Also known as the King of gods. Mariamman, Hindu rain goddess. Parjanya, Epithet of Indra Rudra, the god of wind, storms, and hunting; destructive aspect of Shiva
Persian-Zoroastrian Vayu-Vata, Iranian duo of gods, the first is the god of wind, much like the Hindu Vayu.
Uralic Küdryrchö Jumo, the Mari storm god. Ukko, Finnish thunder and harvest god and king of the gods
Asia-Pacific / Oceania
Chinese
Dian Mu, Leigong, and Wen Zhong, the thunder deities. Feng Bo, Feng Po Po, and Han Zixian, the Deities of Wind. Yunzhongzi, the master of clouds. Yu Shi, the god of rain. Sometimes the Dragon Kings were included instead of Yu Shi
Filipino Oden, the Bugkalot deity of the rain, worshiped for the deity's life-giving watersWilson, L. L. (1947). Ilongot Life and Legends. Southeast Asia Institute. Apo Tudo, the Ilocano deity of the rainLlamzon, Teodoro A. 1978. Handbook of Philippine language groups. Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Anitun Tauo, the Sambal goddess of wind and rain who was reduced in rank by Malayari for her conceitJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Anitun Tabu, the Tagalog goddess of wind and rain and daughter of Idianale and DumanganJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Bulan-hari, one of the Tagalog deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak; can command rain to fall; married to Bitu-inEugenio, D. L. (2013). Philippine Folk Literature: The Legends. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press Santonilyo, a Bisaya deity who brings rain when its image is immersed at seaSan Agustín, G. (1998). Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas, 1565–1615 (Spanish Edition): Bilingual ed edition. San Agustin Museum. Diwata Kat Sidpan, a Tagbanwa deity who lives in the western region called Sidpan;Filipino Heritage: The metal age in the Philippines (1977). Manila: Lahing Pilipino Pub. controls the rainsFox, R. B. (1982). Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines. Manila: National Museum. Diwata Kat Libatan, a Tagbanwa deity who lives in the eastern region called Babatan;Filipino Heritage: The metal age in the Philippines (1977). Manila: Lahing Pilipino Pub. controls the rainFox, R. B. (1982). Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines. Manila: National Museum. Diwata na Magbabaya, simply referred as Magbabaya, the good Bukidnon supreme deity and supreme planner who looks like a man; created the earth and the first eight elements, namely bronze, gold, coins, rock, clouds, rain, iron, and water; using the elements, he also created the sea, sky, moon, and stars; also known as the pure god who wills all things; one of three deities living in the realm called BantingUnabia, C. C. (1986). THe Bukidnon Batbatonon and Pamuhay: A Socio-Literary Study. Quezon City : UP Press. Anit: also called Anitan; the Manobo guardian of the thunderboltJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Inaiyau: the Manobo god of stormsJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Tagbanua: the Manobo god of rainJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Umouiri: the Manobo god of cloudsJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Libtakan: the Manobo god of sunrise, sunset, and good weatherJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.
Japanese
Fūjin, Japanese wind god. Raijin, Japanese god of thunder, lightning, and storms Susanoo, tempestuous Japanese god of storms and the sea.
Vietnamese Thần Gió, Vietnamese wind god.
Oceania
Baiame, sky god and creator deity of southeastern Australia. Julunggul, Arnhem Land rainbow serpent goddess who oversaw the initiation of boys into manhood. Tāwhirimātea, Maori storm god. Tāwhaki, Maori thunder and lightning god. Whaitiri, Maori thunder goddess.
Native Americas
Central America, South America and the Caribbean Apocatequil, Pre-Incan god of lightning, the day and good. Regional variant of god Illapa. Chaac, Maya rain god. Aztec equivalent is Tlaloc. Coatrisquie, Taíno rain goddess, servant of Guabancex, and sidekick of thunder god Guatauva. Cocijo, Zapotec god of lightning. Ehecatl, Aztec god of wind. Guabancex, top Taíno storm goddess; the Lady of the Winds who also dishes out earthquakes and other natural disasters. Guatauva, Taíno god of thunder and lightning who is also responsible for rallying the other storm gods. Huari, Pre-Incan god of water, rain, lightning, agriculture and war. After a period of time, he was identified as a giant god of war, sun, water and agriculture. Huracán, K'iche Maya god of the wind, storms, and fire. Illapa, Inca god of lightning, thunder, rain and war. He is considered one of the most important and powerful Inca gods. Juracán, Taíno zemi or deity of chaos and disorder believed to control the weather, particularly hurricanes. K'awiil, classic Maya god of lightning. Kon, Inca god of wind and rain. Kon is also a creator god. Pachakamaq, Inca god of earthquakes, fire, the clouds and sky. Commonly described as a reissue of Wiracocha. He was one of the most important Inca gods, as well as he is considered the creator god of the universe and controller of the balance of the world. Paryaqaqa, Pre-Incan god of water, torrential rains, storms and lightning. Regional variant of the god Illapa. Q'uq'umatz, K'iche Maya god of wind and rain, also known as Kukulkan, Aztec equivalent is Quetzalcoatl. Tezcatlipoca, Aztec god of hurricanes and night winds. Tlaloc, Aztec rain and earthquake god. Mayan equivalent is Chaac. Tohil, K'iche Maya god of rain, sun, and fire. Tupã, the Guaraní god of thunder and light. Creator of the universe. Wiracocha, the Inca and Pre-Incan god of everything. Absolute creator of the entire Cosmos, as well as everything in existence. Considered the father of all the Inca gods and supreme god of the Inca pantheon. Wiracocha was associated with the sun, lightning, and storms. Yana Raman, Pre-Incan god of lightning. Considered creator by the Yaros or Llacuaces ethnic group. Regional variant of the god Illapa. Yopaat, a Classic-period Maya storm god.
See also Ekendriya Rain god Sea god, often responsible for weather at sea Sky god Thunder god Wind god
References
Further reading Holtom, D. C. "The Storm God Theme in Japanese Mythology." Sociologus, Neue Folge / New Series, 6, no. 1 (1956): 44-56. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43643852.