Eilabun ( Ailabun, , ) is an Arab Christian village located in the Beit Netofa Valley around south-west of Safed in northern Galilee between Nazareth and the Sea of Galilee, Israel. It had a population of in , which was 70,5% Christian and 29.5% Muslim. In 1973, Eilabun was granted local council status by the Israeli government.Eilabun (Israel) Dov Gutterman, FOTW
Etymology According to the Survey of Western Palestine, the name Eilabun comes from Arabic, meaning "hard, rocky ground".Palmer, 1881, p. 121 According to some scholars, Eilabun was built on the ancient site of "Ailabu" (), a possible variation of the name Ein Levon.HaReuveni, 1999, p. 739
History Bronze Age to Mamluk period Pottery remains from the Middle Bronze Age, Iron Age II, Persian, early Roman and from the Byzantine era have been excavated.Feig, 2011, 'Elabbon, Final report Rock-cut sarcophagi have been found to the west of the village.Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 381
Eilabun is mentioned as one of the cities associated with one of the twenty-four priestly divisions, the residence of the priestly clan known as Haqoṣ. A stone inscription mentioning the town was discovered in Yemen by orientalist, Walter W. Muller, in 1970, and is believed to have been part of a synagogue, now turned into a mosque.Urbach (1973), pp. 304–327; Degen (1973), pp. 302–303
In 2013, excavations were conducted in Eilabun by Gilad Cinamon on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), during which time remains from the Mamluk era were discovered.Gosker, 2013, 'ElabbonCinamon, 2013, 'Elabbon Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2013, Survey Permit # A-6783
Ottoman period 16th century In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the Ottoman tax registers as being in the nahiya ("Subdistrict") of Tabariyya, part of Safad Sanjak, with a population of 13 Muslim households. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, cotton, goats and bee hives, in addition to occasional revenues and a tax for a press for olive oil or grape syrup; a total of 4,500 akçe.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 189Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
19th century According to a local tradition cited by Emanuel Hareuveni, Arab Christians from the neighbouring Christian village of Deir Hanna settled in Eilabun during the 19th century.
In 1838, Aleibun was noted as a Christian village in the Esh Shagur district, which was located between Safad, Acca and Tiberias.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. 133
In 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin found that the village had a population of about 100 Greek Christians, with a "humble" chapel. He noted an excellent water source, and remains (including columns) of old buildings.Guérin, 1880, pp. 359-360
In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as "a stone village, well built, containing about 100 Christians. It is situated on a ridge, surrounded by brushwood, with arable land in the valley. A good spring exists to the west of the village."Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 364
A population list from about 1887 showed that Ailbun had about 210 inhabitants; all Catholic Christians.Schumacher, 1888, p. 174
British Mandate In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Ailabun had a total population of 319, all Christian,Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Tiberias, p. 39 increasing in the 1931 census to 404, 32 Muslims and 372 Christians, in a total of 85 houses.Mills, 1932, p. 82
In the 1945 statistics, the population comprised 530 Christians and 20 Muslims,Government of Palestine, Village Statistics 1945, p. 12 who owned a total of 11,190 dunams of land, while 3,522 dunams of land was public.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 72 Of this, 1,209 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 2,187 for cereals,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 122 while 18 dunams were built-up land.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 172
Israel 1948-49 war Israel's Golani Brigade's 12th Battalion captured Eilabun on October 30, 1948, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, from the Arab Liberation Army (ALA). After the town's surrender, negotiated by four priests, the commander of the Golani troops selected 13–14 young Arab men of the 'Arab al-Mawasi Bedouin tribe and had them executed, in what became known as the Eilabun massacre, the point being to compel the rest of the tribe to leave.Motti Golani, Adel Manna, Two Sides of the Coin: Independence and Nakba 1948, Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation, 2011 p.119. According to historian Benny Morris, those executed were Christians, and the executions were "apparently precipitated by the occupying troops' discovery of the decapitated bodies and one or both heads of two Israeli soldiers captured by ALA troops a month before."Morris, 2008, The village was then looted.Morris, 2004, pp. 479-480 Most of the town's residents were marched out to the Lebanese border, while hundreds fled to nearby gullies, caves and villages.Morris, 2004, p. 480Benvenisti, 2000, pp. 153-154 As part of an agreement between Archbishop Hakim and the leader of the "Arab Section" in the Israeli Foreign Ministry, the Eliabun exiles in Lebanon were allowed to return in summer of 1949. Mordechai Maklef, then an operations officer on the Northern Front (and later IDF chief of staff), revealed that in some operations “the potential enemy” was eliminated, meaning civilians. He cited cases including Safsaf, Jish, Eilabun, Lod, Ramla, and larger-scale actions in the south, adding that the intention was expulsion and implying that mass displacement could not be carried out without such acts of terrrorism (טרור).
After the war, the village remained under Martial Law until 1966.
Demographics
2000s Christian-Druze conflict On 25 April 2008, six people were injured, two of them sustaining serious wounds, in a brawl which broke out between Druze and Christians near Eilabun. The sectarian conflict was a part of the long running feud between the communities, which began in 2004 in the city of Shefa-'Amr. The April 2008 clash began for an unknown reason as members of the Druze community marched towards the grave site of Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, walking on the main road near the village of Eilabun. The marchers fought with the village residents using guns and stones. The Druze community elders who were present at the scene managed to restore calm. The conflict ended following an official reconciliation between the Druze and Christians in 2009.
Eilabun in film The Sons of Eilaboun () is a 2007 documentary film by Palestinian artist and film maker Hisham Zreiq, that tells the story of the Eilabun massacre, which was committed by the Israeli army during Operation Hiram in October 1948.
Voting Patterns In the 2022 election, 71 percent of voters in Eilabun voted for the Arab parties, while 23 percent voted for the parties of the center-left coalition led by Yair Lapid and 6 percent voted for the parties of the right-wing coalition led by Benjamin Netanyahu. Among the voters for the Arab parties, 56 percent voted for the Hadash–Ta'al list, while 26 percent voted for Balad and 18 percent voted for Ra'am.
Notable people
Hana Sweid
See also Arab localities in Israel Arab citizens of Israel Christianity in Israel
References
Bibliography
External links Eilaboun official Website Welcome To Eilabun Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: IAA, Wikimedia commons