Kapustin () and Kapustina (; feminine) is a common Russian surname. It is derived from the sobriquet "капуста" (cabbage). Notable people with the surname include:
Anton Kapustin (born 1971), professor of theoretical physics at Caltech Denis Kapustin (athlete) (born 1970), Russian triple jumper Denis Kapustin (militant) (born 1984), Russian-born Ukrainian paramilitary leader Nikolai Kapustin (1937–2020), Soviet pianist and composer Nikolai Kapustin (mathematician) (born 1957), Russian mathematician Sergei Kapustin (1953–1995), Soviet ice hockey player
See also Kapustin Yar, a rocket launch and development site in Russia