Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen comprising 65 extant species (plus 1 extinct) in five genera.
Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. In most genera, the body is somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood which hides their short chelicerae and pedipalps. (2007): Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 157ff
Distribution Members of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western North Africa and the Levant, the Caucasus and northern Iran. Trogulus tricarinatus, a predator of terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America.
Name The derivation of the name of the type genus, Trogulus, is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshood. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from the Ancient Greek trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.
Species
The known genera and species in Trogulidae as of 2023 are:Chemeris, A.N. (2013) Two new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum. Arthropoda Selecta
Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967 Anarthrotarsus martensi Šilhavý, 1967Greece Anarthrotarsus trichasi Kontos & Martens, 2022Greece
Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879 Anelasmocephalus balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988Spain (Baleares) Anelasmocephalus brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy (Sardinia) Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy (Sicily) Anelasmocephalus cambridgei (Westwood, 1874)UK to Balkans (Europe) Anelasmocephalus cazorla Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain Anelasmocephalus crassipes (H. Lucas, 1846)Algeria, Tunisia Anelasmocephalus gadirrif Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain, Morocco Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978Austria, Italy, Serbia, etc Balkans Anelasmocephalus lycosinus (Sørensen, 1873)Italy Anelasmocephalus ortunioi Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain Anelasmocephalus osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879Italy, France (Corsica) Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978Spain Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879Italy, France, Switzerland Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988France Anelasmocephalus tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy
Calathocratus Simon, 1879 Calathocratus africanus (H. Lucas, 1846)Algeria, Tunisia, Italy Calathocratus beieri Gruber, 1968Turkey Calathocratus caucasicus (Šilhavý, 1966)Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Iran. Calathocratus hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011Russia Calathocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940Greece (Crete) Calathocratus kyrghyzicus (Chemeris, 2013)Kyrgyzstan Calathocratus minutus Snegovaya, 2011Russia Calathocratus rhodiensis (Gruber, 1963)Greece (Rhodes) Calathocratus singularis (Roewer, 1940)Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey Calathocratus sinuosus (Sørensen, 1873)Italy
Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940 Kofiniotis creticus Roewer, 1940Greece (Crete)
Trogulus Latreille, 1802 Trogulus aquaticus Simon, 1879France (Corsica) Trogulus balearicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain (Baleares) Trogulus banaticus Avram, 1971Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, etc. Trogulus cisalpinus Chemini & Martens, 1988Italy Trogulus closanicus Avram, 1971Romania, Germany, Bulgaria etc Trogulus coreiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839(Unknown locality) [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
Trogulus coriziformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 Italy (contra reports of widespread) Trogulus cristatus Simon, 1879France, Italy Trogulus falcipenis Komposch, 1999Austria, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia Trogulus graecus Dahl, 1903Greece, Albania, etc (Balkans) Trogulus gypseus Simon, 1879 Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Greece. Trogulus hirtus Dahl, 1903 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia Trogulus huberi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Portugal Trogulus karamanorum Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Macedonia, Albania etc (Balkans) Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1932 Portugal Trogulus lygaeiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 Greece [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
Trogulus martensi Chemini, 1983 Italy, France, etc Trogulus megaligrava Schönhofer et al., 2013Greece (Corfu) Trogulus melitensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia Trogulus nepaeformis (Scopoli, 1763)Italy, France, etc (Southern Europe) Trogulus oltenicus Avram, 1971Romania Trogulus ozimeci Schönhofer et al., 2013Croatia Trogulus pharensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia Trogulus prietoi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain Trogulus pulverulentus C. L. Koch, 1856Spain [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013] Trogulus pyrenaicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain Trogulus rossicus Šilhavý, 1968Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia Trogulus setosissmus Roewer, 1940Croatia Trogulus squamatus C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839Montenegro, Croatia (Dalmatia) Trogulus templetonii Westwood, 1833Spain [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013] Trogulus tenuitarsus Schönhofer et al., 2013Macedonia Trogulus thaleri Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia Trogulus tingiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839Germany, etc (Central Europe) Trogulus torosus Simon, 1885Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (Dalmatia) Trogulus tricarinatus (Linnaeus, 1758)Germany, etc (Widespread Western, Central Europe) Trogulus uncinatus Gruber, 1973Turkey
See also extinct: †Trogulus longipes Haupt, 1956 (fossil: Eocene)
Plus see unknown: †Amphitrogulus Gourret, 1887 †Amphitrogulus sternalis Gourret, 1887
References
Further reading Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Trogulidae (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press