These lists of historical unrecognized or partially recognized states give an overview of extinct geopolitical entities that wished to be recognized as sovereign states, but did not enjoy worldwide diplomatic recognition. The entries listed here had de facto control over significant claimed territory and were self-governing with a desire for full independence. These formally unrecognized entities emerged and disappeared under a variety of circumstances. In some cases, newly established states were overthrown by coups (e.g., the Republic of Biafra), while others were formed during failed revolutionary movements (e.g., the Mahdist State). Additionally, some entities were created as puppet states during wartime (e.g., Tiso's First Slovak Republic) or existed as provisional governments (e.g., the Provisional Government of Western Thrace). The diverse nature of these political formations reflects the complexity of state formation and dissolution in times of geopolitical uncertainty.

Criteria for inclusion The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to those of the list of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed sovereignty, have not been recognized by any widely accepted state for a significant portion of its de facto existence, developed characteristics of statehood beyond that of a provisional government, existed from 1 CE afterwards, and either:

had a population and an organized government with a capacity to enter into relations with other states; or had de facto control over a territory or a significant portion of the territory of an otherwise-recognized sovereign state

For example, a stateless opposition government (like the Provisional Government of India, Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, or Jewish National Council) would not count as an unrecognized state because its center of power was not located in the territory that it claimed, nor did it formally govern with laws and regulations. Likewise, an occupational authority established during wartime with purely governmental characteristics (like the Republic of Van, Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence, or Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence) would not count as an unrecognized state due to it only serving the political interests of the occupying power rather than having governing control over land and people. Several contemporary protest camps developed during demonstrations which claimed themselves to be autonomous zones (like the Free Republic of Wendland, Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone, or Orisha Land) were popular acts of social movements rather than ruling territorial regimes.Yossi Shain, Juan J. Linz, "Between States: Interim Governments in Democratic Transitions", 1995, , p. 5

Other popular movements without formal governmental consolidation such as rebellions and revolts (like the Truku), local councils (like the Västervik Workers' Council), secret societies (like the Heavenly Kingdom of Everlasting Satisfaction), short-lived civil disturbances restricted to non-government buildings (like the Sultanate of Mit Ghamr), or hypothetical states that might not have actually existed (like the Rus' Khaganate) do not technically fit the definition of an unrecognized state, and thus also are not included in this list.網頁：《威里事件以來的太、日關係 》

Africa

Name Date Capital Now part of Notes Republic of Swellendam 1795 Swellendam South Africa A republic declared in revolt against the Dutch East India Company; it lasted 3 months before being re-incorporated into the Cape Colony. Graaff-Reinet Graaff-Reinet Formed in rebellion to Dutch East India Company; it took 2 years to be incorporated into the Cape Colony, though this time under British rule. Islands of Refreshment(Tristan da Cunha) 1811–1816 Reception United Kingdom Declared by American whaler Jonathan Lambert and four others, who were the first permanent inhabitants of the modern day Tristan da Cunha islands in the South Atlantic. Lambert declared himself the sovereign of the islands. Annexed in 1816 by the Cape Colony under the United Kingdom to prevent France from obtaining the islands. Griqualand West 1813 KimberleySouth Africa Enjoyed de facto independence since the founding of Griquatown in 1813, Griqualand West eventually proclaimed itself a British colony in 1873. It did not gain recognition by Britain nor the neighboring Cape Colony and was annexed in 1880.Jeroen G. Zandberg. 2005. Rehoboth Griqua Atlas. . Potchefstroom Republic 1830 Potchefstroom A republic that existed only for a couple of months before joining with Winburg Republic. It was effectively a city-state. Winburg Republic 1836 Winburg Established on land on the Vet and Vaal Rivers donated to the Voortrekkers by Bataung Chief Makwana in 1836 in exchange for protection from neighboring Basotho tribes. Joined in union with the newly established Potchefstroom Republic in 1838 to form the Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom. Mississippi-in-Africa 1837–1842 ? Liberia Founded in the 1830s by the Mississippi Colonization Society of the United States and settled by American free people of color, many of them former slaves. Ultimately absorbed into Liberia in the 1840s.Sullivan, Jo. M. "Mississippi in Africa: Settlers Among the Kru," Liberian Studies Journal Vol. VIII, No. 2 (1978–1979). Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom 1838 Potchefstroom, WinburgSouth Africa Formed from the union of the Potchefstroom Republic and the Winburg Republic in 1838; the nation lasted until Potchefstroom left the union to join with Pietermaritzburg. Natalia Republic 1839 Pietermaritzburg Established in 1839 by local Afrikaans-speaking Voortrekkers after the Battle of Blood River. This Boer Republic lasted for four years before being annexed by British troops under George Napier. Andries-Ohringstad Republic 1845 Ohrigstad A fort was established by a group of Voortrekkers under the leadership of Andries Hendrik Potgieter with the help of a Dutch merchant Gregorius Ohrig. The settlers arrived in 1845 and were decimated by malaria. Forced to abandon the area, the republic was officially abandoned in 1849.Visagie, Jan C. Voortrekkerstamouers 1835 - 1845. Protea Boekhuis. Pretoria. 2011. Page 406 - 407. Klip River Republic 1847 In 1847, after buying land from the Zulu king Mpande, a number of Boers settled in the area and called it the Republic of Klip River () with Andries Spies as their commandant. The republic was annexed by the British in the same year. Liberia 1847–1862 Monrovia LiberiaA collection of African American settlements in West Africa, sponsored by the American Colonization Society. The purpose of Liberia was to repatriate freed slaves back to Africa from the United States. The US government refused to recognize Liberia's independence until 1862, during the American Civil War. Utrecht Republic 1854 Utrecht South Africa A republic proclaimed by Andreas Theodorus Spies following a land purchase from the King of the Zulu, Mpande. It joined with the Lydenburg Republic in 1858. Republic of Maryland 1854–1857 Harper LiberiaAn African American settlement in West Africa, whose independence was unrecognized by the United States. It joined the also unrecognized Liberia in 1857 in reaction to a native insurgency.The African Repository, Volume 14, p.42 Retrieved March 13, 2010 Lydenburg Republic 1856 LydenburgSouth Africa A Boer republic which was created following the dissolution of the Andries-Ohringstad Republic. Eventually this nation expanded with the inclusion of the Utrecht Republic in 1858. The republic lasted until 1860 when it was incorporated into the South African Republic. Republic of Zoutpansberg 1857 ? A small Boer Republic that joined with the South African Republic in 1864. The white settlers in Zoutpansberg had for many years a reputation for lawlessness, and were later regarded as typical "back velt Boers". Zoutpansberg contained a larger native population than any other region of the Transvaal. Sultanate of Utetera 1860–1887 Kasongo Democratic Republic of Congo Founded by infamous slave trader Tippu Tip. Klipdrift Republic 1870 Barkly West South Africa A Republic proclaimed during a dispute over diamond mines near what would become Griqualand West.Kilpdrift Republic accessed 27 Jan 2014 Free Republic of Rehoboth 1872–1990 Rehoboth NamibiaThe Baster are a community of mixed race descent, who left the British-ruled Cape Colony in 1868 and settled in a territory on a high plateau between the Namib and Kalahari deserts in what is now central Namibia, where they founded the Free Republic of Rehoboth (Rehoboth Gebiet), in 1872. They adopted a constitution known in Afrikaans as the Vaderlike Wette (Paternal Laws), which still continues to govern the internal affairs of the Baster community into the 21st century. Since the independence of Namibia, in 1990, the new state confiscated all of their territory without compensation. Griqualand East 1862-1879 Kokstad South Africa One of four short-lived Griqua states in Southern Africa from the early 1860s until the late 1870s and was located between the Umzimkulu and Kinira Rivers, south of the Sotho Kingdom.Burton, Alfred R. E. Cape Colony to-day. Townshend, Taylor & Snashall. Cape Town/Kaapstad: 1907. p219f Republic of Stellaland 1882 Vryburg South Africa A Boer republic located in an area of British Bechuanaland (now in South Africa's North West Province), west of the Transvaal. After unification with the neighbouring State of Goshen, it became the United States of Stellaland. Goshen Rooigrond, Mafikeng A short-lived Boer republic in southern Africa founded by Boers expanding west from Transvaal who opposed British advance in the region.