SMS was the lead ship of her class of armored cruisers built for the German (Imperial Navy) in the early 1900s as part of a major naval expansion program aimed at strengthening the fleet. The ship was named after Field Marshal Albrecht von Roon. She was built at the in Kiel, being laid down in August 1902, launched in June 1903, and commissioned in April 1906. The ship was armed with a main battery of four guns and had a top speed of . Like many of the late armored cruisers, was quickly rendered obsolescent by the advent of the battlecruiser; as a result, her career was limited.
served in I Scouting Group, the reconnaissance force of the High Seas Fleet, for the duration of her peacetime career, including several stints as the flagship of the group's deputy commander. During this period, the ship was occupied with training exercises and made several cruises in the Atlantic Ocean. In 1907, she visited the United States to represent Germany during the Jamestown Exposition. In September 1911 she was decommissioned and placed in reserve.
Three years later, the ship was mobilized in August 1914 following the outbreak of World War I and assigned to III Scouting Group, serving initially with the High Seas Fleet in the North Sea. There, she escorted the main German fleet during the raid on Yarmouth in November and the raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in December, though she saw no action during either operation. She was transferred to the Baltic Sea in April 1915 and took part in several operations against Russian forces, including the successful attack on Libau in May and the failed attack on Riga in August. The threat of British submarines convinced the German command to withdraw old vessels like by early 1916, and she was again decommissioned and eventually used as a training ship. Plans to convert her into a seaplane tender in 1918 came to nothing with the end of the war, and she was broken up in 1921.
Design
The two -class cruisers were ordered in 1902 as part of the fleet expansion program specified by the Second Naval Law of 1900. The two ships were incremental developments of the preceding s, the most significant difference being a longer hull; the extra space was used to add a pair of boilers, which increased power by and speed by . The launch of the British battlecruiser in 1907 quickly rendered all of the armored cruisers that had been built by the world's navies obsolescent.
Characteristics
was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced as built and fully loaded. The ship had a pronounced ram bow and a small superstructure that consisted primarily of an armored conning tower and bridge structure forward and a smaller, secondary conning tower further aft. She was fitted with a pair of short military masts, which stepped down to lighter poles to reduce weight high in the ship. had a crew of 35 officers and 598 enlisted men.
She was propelled by three vertical triple expansion engines, each driving a screw propeller, with steam provided by sixteen coal-fired water-tube boilers. The boilers were vented through four closely spaced funnels. The ship's propulsion system developed a total of and yielded a maximum speed of on trials, falling short of her intended speed of . She carried up to of coal, which enabled a maximum range of up to at a cruising speed of .
She was armed with four SK L/40 guns arranged in two twin-gun turrets, one on either end of the superstructure. Her secondary armament consisted of ten SK L/40 guns; four were in single-gun turrets on the upper deck and the remaining six were in casemates in a main-deck battery. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, she carried fourteen SK L/35 guns, all in individual mounts in the superstructure and in the hull, either in casemates or open pivot mounts with gun shields. She also had four underwater torpedo tubes, one in the bow, one in the stern, and one on each broadside.
The ship was protected with Krupp cemented armor; the belt armor was thick amidships and was reduced to on either end. The main battery turrets had thick faces. Her deck was thick, connected to the lower edge of the belt by thick sloped armor.
Service history
was ordered under the provisional name as a replacement for the ironclad . The ship was built at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel under construction number 28. Her keel was laid down on 1 August 1902 and she was launched on 27 June 1903. At her launching ceremony, Field Marshal Alfred von Waldersee christened the ship after Field Marshal Albrecht von Roon. Fitting-out work then commenced, which included provisions for the cruiser to be used as a flagship, and was commissioned into the German fleet on 5 April 1906. Her first commander was (KzS—Captain at Sea) Fritz Hoffmann. The ship then began sea trials that lasted until 9 July; she joined I Scouting Group on 15 August, where she replaced the armored cruiser as the flagship of the deputy commander, KzS and (Commodore) Raimund Winkler. then participated in the annual fleet maneuvers held in late August and early September. Later that month, Hoffmann was replaced by (FK—Frigate Captain) Oskar von Platen-Hallermund, who commanded the vessel for just a month before he was in turn relieved by KzS Karl Zimmermann. At the same time as Hoffmann's departure, Winkler also left his post, being replaced by KzS and Eugen Kalau vom Hofe, who transferred his flag to in October.
She spent the following years participating in training exercises and cruises with the ships of I Scouting Group as well as the entire High Seas Fleet. This routine was interrupted in early 1907 when the ship was sent to the United States to participate in the Jamestown Exposition, which commemorated the 300th anniversary of the arrival of colonists in Chesapeake Bay. Kalau von Hofe returned to to lead the German delegation, which also included the light cruiser ; the two cruisers left Kiel on 8 April and crossed the Atlantic to Hampton Roads, Virginia, arriving on 24 April. Two days later, the international fleet, which also included contingents from Great Britain, Japan, Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, and several other nations, held a naval review as part of the exposition. Following the ceremonies, was detached to remain on station in the Americas while returned to Germany, arriving back in Kiel on 17 May. On her return, Kalau von Hofe shifted back to .
From 11 September to 28 October, briefly resumed her role as deputy flagship; was at that time serving as the group flagship while s sister was being overhauled. Also in October, FK Friedrich Schrader took command of the ship. The ship went on a major cruise into the Atlantic Ocean from 7 to 28 February 1908 with the other ships of the scouting group. During the cruise, the ships conducted tactical exercises and experimented with using their wireless telegraphy equipment at long distances. They stopped in Vigo, Spain, to replenish their coal for the voyage home. On 5 March, returned to flagship duty, with now (KAdm—Rear Admiral) Kalau von Hofe back aboard the ship.
Another Atlantic cruise followed in July and August; this time, the cruise was made in company with the battleship squadrons of the High Seas Fleet. Prince Heinrich, the fleet commander, had pressed for such a cruise the previous year, arguing that it would prepare the fleet for overseas operations and would break up the monotony of training in German waters, though tensions with Britain over the developing Anglo-German naval arms race were high. The fleet departed Kiel on 17 July, passed through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal to the North Sea, and continued to the Atlantic. The fleet returned to Germany on 13 August. The autumn maneuvers followed from 27 August to 12 September. On 23 September, KAdm Jacobsen replaced Kalau von Hofe, and the following month FK Georg Scheidt took command of .
The year 1909 saw two more cruises in the Atlantic, the first in February with just the ships of I Scouting Group and the second in July and August with the rest of the fleet. On the way back to Germany, the fleet stopped in Spithead, Britain, where it was received by the Royal Navy. KzS Reinhard Koch relieved Jacobsen as the group deputy commander after the annual fleet maneuvers in September 1909 but on 1 October he transferred his flag to . The next two years passed uneventfully for ; apart from the typical training routine, she took part in a naval review for Kaiser Wilhelm II in September 1911, after which she was decommissioned on 22 September.
World War I
Following the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, was mobilized for wartime service on 2 August and was initially assigned to II Scouting Group as the flagship of KAdm Gisberth Jasper. The ship's first wartime commander was KzS Johannes von Karpf. A series of reorganizations saw the ship transferred to IV Scouting Group to replace the armored cruiser and on 25 August IV Scouting Group was renamed III Scouting Group, remaining as flagship. KAdm Hubert von Rebeur-Paschwitz replaced Jasper as the group commander. The following day, and the rest of the group took part in a sortie into the eastern Baltic Sea in a failed attempt to rescue the light cruiser that had run aground in Russian territory. The operation was cancelled on 27 August when Rebeur-Paschwitz received word that had been scuttled to avoid capture by Russian forces.
The group was stationed in the North Sea from 6 September to guard the German coast, interrupted by a short deployment to the Danish Straits from 25 to 26 September after false reports of British warships attempting to pass through prompted the German command to send the cruisers on a patrol there. During their period in the North Sea, the cruisers were sent to escort the minelaying cruisers and and the auxiliary minelayer as they laid the "Alpha" defensive minefield in the North Sea. The ships then escorted the main body of the High Seas Fleet during the raid on Yarmouth on 2–3 November.
A month later, on 15–16 December, she participated in the bombardment of Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby. Along with the armored cruiser , was assigned to the van of the High Seas Fleet, which was providing distant cover to Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper's battlecruisers while they were conducting the bombardment. During the operation, and her attached destroyers encountered the British screening forces; came in contact with the destroyers and , but no gunfire was exchanged and the ships turned away. Following reports of British destroyers from as well as from , Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl ordered the High Seas Fleet to disengage and head for Germany.
At this point, and her destroyers became the rearguard for the High Seas Fleet. , by this time joined by the light cruisers and , encountered Commander Loftus Jones' destroyers. Jones shadowed for about 45 minutes, at which point and were detached to sink their pursuers. Twenty minutes later, signaled the two light cruisers and ordered them to abandon the pursuit and retreat along with the rest of the High Seas Fleet. In the meantime, Vice Admiral David Beatty received word of s location, and in an attempt to intercept the German cruisers, detached the battlecruiser to hunt the German ships down, while his other three battlecruisers followed from a distance. While still pursuing the retreating Germans, Beatty had become aware that the German battlecruisers were shelling Hartlepool, so he decided to break off the pursuit of and turn towards the German battlecruisers.
Operations in the Baltic