The 1830s (pronounced "eighteen-thirties") was the decade that began on January 1, 1830, and ended on December 31, 1839.
In this decade, the world saw a rapid rise in imperialism and colonialism, particularly in Asia and Africa. Britain saw a surge of power and world dominance, as Queen Victoria took to the throne in 1837. Conquests took place all over the world, particularly around the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and the British Raj. New outposts and settlements flourished in Oceania, as Europeans began to settle over Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States.
Technology 1830: Lawn mower , Sewing machine, Airlock, Improved Column Still(AirlockForCiting), Long Truss Wooden Bridge (AirlockForCiting), Sheep Dip(AirlockForCiting), Rack railway equipment(AirlockForCiting)
Politics
Pacific
1830 – John Williams brings Protestant Christianity to Samoa.
July 30, 1836 – The first English language newspaper is published in Hawaii. 1838 – The Pitcairn Islands become a Crown colony of the United Kingdom; and women there are the first in the world to be granted, and maintain, women's suffrage.
East Asia
China
China was ruled by the Daoguang Emperor of the Qing dynasty during the 1830s. The decade witnessed a rapid rise in the sale of opium in China, despite efforts by the Daoguang Emperor to end the trade. A turning point came in 1834, with the end of the monopoly of the East India Company, leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. By 1838, opium sales climbed to 40,000 chests. In 1839, newly appointed imperial commissioner Lin Zexu banned the sale of opium and imposed several restrictions on all foreign traders. Lin also closed the channel to Guangzhou (Canton), leading to the seizure and destruction of 20,000 chests of opium. The British retaliated, seizing Hong Kong on August 23 of that year, starting what would be known as the First Opium War. It would end three years later with the signing of the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, signed by Keying and Yilibu on behalf of the Daoguang Emperor, and Henry Pottinger on behalf of Queen Victoria. The Treaty was based heavily on the earlier Convention of Chuenpi, signed by Qishan and Charles Elliot
Japan July 1837 – Charles W. King sets sail on the American merchant ship Morrison. In the Morrison incident, he is turned away from Japanese ports with cannon fire.
South-eastern Asia March 28, 1830 – The Java War ends. 1833 – H.R.H. Prince Mongkut of Siam founds the Dhammayut Buddhist reform movement.
Dutch East Indies The Padri War was fought from 1803 until 1837 in West Sumatra between the Padris and the Adats. The latter asked for the help of the Dutch, who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war soon centered on Bonjol, the fortified last stronghold of the Padris. It finally fell in 1837 after being besieged for three years, and along with the exile of Padri leader Tuanku Imam Bonjol, the conflict died out.
Vietnam 1831–1834 – Siamese–Vietnamese War for Cambodia and Southern Vietnam. 1839 – The Emperor Minh Mạng renames Việt Nam to Đại Nam.
Brunei and Sarawak
1836 – The Sarawak Uprising of 1836 began.
Australia and New Zealand August 15, 1834 – The South Australia Act allows for the creation of a colony there. June 8, 1835 – The Australian city of Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner. October 28, 1835 – United Tribes of New Zealand founded at Waitangi with the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand. November 19, 1835 – A force of 500 Māori people invade, massacre, eat and enslave the Moriori people of the Chatham Islands. July 27, 1836 – Adelaide, is founded. December 26, 1836 – The Colony of South Australia, founded by Captain John Hindmarsh, is officially proclaimed (now celebrated in the state of South Australia as Proclamation Day). June 10, 1838 – 28 Indigenous Australians are killed in the Myall Creek massacre.
Southern Asia December 1838 – First Anglo-Afghan War: British and Presidency armies set out from Punjab in support of Shah Shujah Durrani's claim to the throne of Afghanistan.
India
The British government appointed a series of administrative heads of British India in the 1830s ("Governor-General of India" starting in 1833): Lord William Bentinck (1828–1835), Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt (1835–1836), and The Lord Auckland (1836–1842). The Government of India Act 1833 was enacted to remove the East India Company's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions, renewing the company's political and administrative authority for another twenty years. It invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company.
The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India. In 1837, the British East India company replaced Persian with local vernacular in various provinces as the official and court language. However, in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, Urdu instead of Hindi was chosen to replace Persian.Language, Religion and Politics in North India by Paul R. Brass, Publisher: iUniverse, Incorporated,
In 1835, William Henry Sleeman captured "Feringhea" in his efforts to suppress the Thuggee secret society. Sleeman's work led to his appointment as General Superintendent of the operations for the Suppression of Thuggee. In February 1839, he assumed charge of the office of Commissioner for the Suppression of Thuggee and Dacoity. During these operations, more than 1400 Thugs were hanged or transported for life.
Western Asia 1831 – Muhammad Ali of Egypt's French-trained forces occupy Syria. May 10, 1832 – The Egyptians, aided by Maronites, seize Acre from the Ottoman Empire after a 7-month siege. December 21, 1832 – Battle of Konya: The Egyptians defeat the main Ottoman army in central Anatolia. September 1, 1836 – Rebuilding begins at the Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem. January 19, 1839 – The East India Company captures Aden. July 23, 1839 – First Anglo-Afghan War, Battle of Ghazni: British forces capture the fortress city of Ghazni, Afghanistan.
Eastern Europe
Poland November 29, 1830 – The November Uprising begins in Warsaw against Russian rule. February 20, 1831 – Battle of Olszynka Grochowska: Polish rebel forces divide a Russian army. May 26, 1831 – Battle of Ostrołęka: The Poles fight another indecisive battle. September 6 – September 8, 1831 – Battle of Warsaw: The Russians take the Polish capital and crush resistance.
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
Royalty
In 1830, William IV succeeded his brother George IV as King of the United Kingdom. Upon his death in 1837, his 18-year-old niece, Princess Victoria. Under Salic law, the Kingdom of Hanover passed to William's brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, ending the personal union of Britain and Hanover which had existed since 1714. Queen Victoria took up residence in Buckingham Palace, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than St James's Palace, her London home.
Politics and law Britain had four prime ministers during the 1830s. As the decade began, Tory Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington led parliament. Wellington's government fell in late 1830, failing to react to calls for reform.Holmes (2002). p. 283. The Whigs selected Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey to succeed him, who led passage of many reforms, including the Reform Act 1832, the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire), and the Factory Acts (limiting child labour).
In 1834 Grey retired from public life, leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor. Reforms continued under Lord Melbourne, with the Poor Law Amendment Act in 1834, which stated that no able-bodied British man could receive assistance unless he entered a workhouse. King William IV's opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in November and then appoint Sir Robert Peel to form a Tory government. Peel's failure to win a House of Commons majority in the resulting general election (January 1835) made it impossible for him to govern, and the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835. The Marriage Act 1836 established civil marriage and registration systems that permit marriages in nonconformist chapels, and a Registrar General of Births, Marriages, and Deaths.wikisource:1836 (33) Registration of Births &c. A bill for registering Births Deaths and Marriages in England.
There were protests and significant unrest during the decade. In May and June 1831 in Wales, coal miners and others rioted for improved working conditions in what was known as the Merthyr Rising. William Howley Archbishop of Canterbury has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit to Canterbury in 1832. In 1834, Robert Owen organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, an early attempt to form a national union confederation. In May 1838, the People's Charter was drawn up in the United Kingdom, demanding universal suffrage. Chartism continued to gain popularity, leading to the Newport Rising in 1839, the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in mainland Britain.
In 1835, James Pratt and John Smith were hanged outside Newgate Prison in London after a conviction of sodomy, the last deadly victims of the judicial persecution of homosexual men in England.See 2012
Western Europe
Germany May 30, 1832 – Germany: Hambacher Festival, a demonstration for civil liberties and national unity, ends with no result. December 14, 1833 – Kaspar Hauser, a mysterious German youth, is stabbed, dying three days later on December 17. January 1, 1834 – Zollverein: Customs charges are abolished at borders within Germany. October 13, 1836 – Theodor Fliedner, a Lutheran minister, and Friederike, his wife, open the Deaconess Home and Hospital at Kaiserswerth, Germany, as an institute to train women in nursing. 1837 – The 5th century BC Berlin Foundry Cup is acquired for the Antikensammlung Berlin in Germany.
Austria March 2, 1835 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.
Switzerland October, 1830 – Start of the Regeneration in Switzerland: more liberal constitutions adopted in most cantons. August 3, 1833 – In Switzerland, troops of the city of Basel march on rebels in Liestal, but are beaten back at the Battle of Hülftenschanz. August 26, 1833 – The Canton of Basel is partitioned by the Swiss Tagsatzung, to create the two half-cantons of Basel-City and Basel-Country.
Belgium
August 25, 1830 – The Belgian Revolution begins. September 27, 1830 – The Belgian Revolution ends by liberating Brussels from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. October 4, 1830 – The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium, in revolt against the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. December 20, 1830 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers. July 21, 1831 – Leopold I of Belgium is inaugurated as first king of the Belgians. August 2, 1831 – The Dutch ten days' campaign in Belgium is halted by a French army. December 4, 1832 – Battle of Antwerp: The last remaining Dutch enforcement, the citadel, is under French attack. December 23, 1832 – The Battle of Antwerp ends with the Netherlands losing the city. 1839 – Half of the Limburg province of Belgium is added to the Netherlands (since 1839 there is a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg). April 19, 1839 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom.
France
French Revolution of 1830