The Sko or Skou languages are a small language family spoken by about 7000 people, mainly along the Vanimo coast of Sandaun Province in Papua New Guinea, with a few being inland from this area and at least one just across the border in the Indonesian province of Papua (formerly known as Irian Jaya).
Typology Tone Skou languages are unusual among Papuan languages for being tonal; all Skou languages possess contrastive tone. Vanimo, for example, has three tones, high, mid, low.
Example minimal sets illustrating tonal contrasts in various Skou languages:
I’saka: ẽyH ‘louse’, weyL ‘butterfly’, weyLH ‘house’, weyHL ‘language’ Barupu: eH ‘tooth’, eL ‘garden’, eHL ‘mosquito’, eHLH ‘write’ Wutung: hoH ‘roof thatch made from sago palm fronds’, hoL ‘star’, hoHL ‘grease’ Skou: taH ‘grass’, taL ‘hair’, taHL ‘arrow’
Lakes Plain languages, spoken in a discontiguous area to the southwest, are also tonal. Because of the apparent phonological similarities and sharing of stable basic words such as ‘louse’, Foley speculates the potential likelihood of a distant relationship shared between the Skou and Lakes Plain families, but no formal proposals linking the two families have been made due to insufficient evidence. Additionally according to Foley, based on some lexical and phonological similarities, the Keuw language (currently classified as a language isolate) may also possibly share a deep relationship with the Lakes Plain languages. Like the Lakes Plain languages, Keuw also possesses constrative tone.
Lepki, Kaure, and Kembra, spoken in mountainous inland regions of the Indonesia-PNG border to the southwest of the Skou-speaking area, are also tonal.
Morphology Skou languages can be isolating or polysynthetic.
Isolating structure: Dumo, an Inner Skou language Polysynthetic structure: Barupu, a Piore River language
Classification Skou languages were first linked by G. Frederici in 1912. In 1941, K.H. Thomas expanded the family to its current extent.
The Sko family is not accepted by Søren Wichmann (2013), who splits it into two separate groups.Wichmann, Søren. 2013. A classification of Papuan languages. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313–386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
Donohue (2007) and Donohue and Crowther (2005) list Nouri as a mixed language having features of both the Piore River and Serra Hills subgroups.Donohue, Mark P. 2007. A Grammar of the Skou Language of New Guinea. Unpublished manuscript.
Sko (Laycock 1975) Laycock posited two branches, Vanimo and Krisa:
Sko Vanimo branch Skou Sangke (Nyao) Wutung Vanimo (Dumo) Krisa branch I’saka (Krisa) Rawo Puari Barupu (Warapu)
Skou (Ross 2005) However, Krisa is poorly supported and Malcolm Ross abandoned it.
Skou I’saka (Krisa) Barupu (Warapu) Puari Rawo Womo Vanimo branch: Skou (Tumawo) Leitre Sangke (Nyao) Wutung Vanimo (Dumo) Dusur
Macro-Skou (Donohue 2002) Mark Donohue proposed a subclassification based on areal diffusion he called Macro-Skou.
Macro-Skou Isaka Skou–Serra–Piore linkage Piore River: Nori (strongly influenced by Womo), Barupu Serra Hills Puare Rawo – Main Serra: Rawo, Womo Skou (Vanimo) family Skou Eastern Skou / Vanimo Leitre West Coast Border: Nyao, Wutung Vanimo proper: Dumo, Dusur
Donohue (2004) notes that is unclear if extinct Nouri is in the Piore River or Serra Hills branch.
Sko (Foley 2018) Foley (2018) provides the following classification.
Sko I'saka Piore River Barupu / Warupu (Bauni) Ramo (Uni) Sumo (Bouni) Serra Hills Puare
Womo Waro Inner Sko Skou
Leitre
Dumo Dusur
Nyao / Sangke Wutung
Foley's Inner Sko corresponds to Donohue's Western Skou.
Miller (2017) The Piore River branch was renamed Lagoon in Miller (2017).Miller, Steve A. 2017. Skou Languages Near Sissano Lagoon, Papua New Guinea. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 35: 1–24. The older names of the Piore River languages were from village names; Miller has since renamed them as Bauni, Uni, Bouni, and Bobe, though it is debatable whether they are all distinct languages.
Lagoon (also Piore River) Bauni (Poo and Barapu/Warapu villages) Uni (Ramo village) Bouni (Sumo village) Bobe (Nouri village)
Usher (2020) Usher groups the languages as follows, with each node being a reconstructable clade, and giving the family a geographic label rather than naming it after a single language. The Eastern languages are typologically quite distinct from the Western languages and I'saka.New Guinea World, Vanimo Coast
Vanimo Coast I'saka West Skou Leitre Dumo-Dusur (Vanimo) Sangke–Wutung Sangke (Nyao) Wutung East Piore River Barupu (Bauni–Uri–Bouni) Nouri Serra Hills Puare Rawo Pini Womo Sumararu
Pronouns The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Skou are,
{| class=wikitable |- | I || *na || we || *ne |- | thou || *me || you || ? |- | he || *ka || they () || *ke |- | she || *bo || they () || *de
The Skou languages also have a dual, with a distinction between inclusive and exclusive we, but the forms are not reconstructable for the proto-language.
Pronouns in individual Skou languages:
! pronoun !! I'saka !! Barupu !! Wutung !! Skou |- ! | nana || něná || niɛ || nì |- ! | mama || měmá || mɛ || mè |- ! | kia || yá || ʔe || ke |- ! | umu || bó || ce || pe |- ! | numu || měmí || nɛtu || ne |- ! | yumu || mŏpú || ɛtu || e |- ! | i.e. || yéi || tɛtu || te
Cognates Sko family cognates (I'saka, Barupu, Wutung, Skou) listed by Foley (2018):
|+ Sko family cognates ! gloss !! I'saka !! Barupu !! Wutung !! Skou |- | ‘hand’ || dou || eno || noʔɛ̃ || no |- | ‘tooth’ || kũ || e || ʔũ || kə̃ |- | ‘breast’ || ni || to || no || no |- | ‘woman’ || bu || bom || wũawũa || pɛɨma |- | ‘bird’ || yũ || ru || tĩ || tã |- | ‘dog’ || || naki || naʔi || nake |- | ‘water’ || wi || pi || || pa |- | ‘old’ || tuni || tɔra || || rõtoto |- | ‘eat’ || a || ou || (u)a || a
A cognate set for 'louse' in Sko languages (reconstructing roughly to *nipi in Proto-Sko) as compiled by Dryer (2022):
{| class="wikitable" ! Language (group) !! louse |- | Serra Hills || ni, nip, nipi |- | Warapu || mi |- | Western Sko || pi, fi, pĩ |- | Isaka || ẽĩ
Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975),Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database. More recent data from Marmion (2010) has been added for Wutung and from Donohue (2002) (as cited in the ASJP Database) for Skou.
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. lúrtô, rəto for “eye”) or not (e.g. hlúqbùr, kəsu for “head”).
{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Wutung(Marmion 2010) !! Wutung(Voorhoeve 1975) !! Skou(Donohue 2002)Donohue, Mark. Skou Dictionary Draft. Ms. !! Skou(Voorhoeve 1971, 1975) |- ! head | hlúqbùr || kəsu. || rebi || röbe; rö́e |- ! hair | tàng || ta || ta || ta |- ! ear | qúrlùr || || le || lö |- ! eye | lúrtô || rəto || lu; luto || lutɔ̀ |- ! nose | || || ha || ha |- ! tooth | qúng || kə || ke* || kö |- ! leg | || knaŋku || || tãe |- ! louse | || hehe || fi || fi |- ! dog | náqî || naki || nakE || nakɛ́ |- ! pig | cà || tyamu || || pálɛ |- ! bird | tîng || || ta* || tåå; tãŋã |- ! egg | || kuekue || ku || tã kò |- ! blood | hnjie || hi || hi || hi |- ! bone | qêy || e || e || ee |- ! skin | mà; nua || na || ro || nö re; nö rɔ̀ |- ! breast | no || || no* || nɔ |- ! tree | || ri || ri; rite || ri |- ! man | panyua || teba || kE ba || ba; keba; kébanè; teba |- ! woman | wungawunga || || 3mE || pemɛ̀ |- ! sun | hlàng || hrã || ra* || rãã́ |- ! moon | || || kE || ke |- ! water | câ || tya || pa || pa |- ! fire | hie || hae || ra || ra |- ! stone | wólòng || koŋũ || wu* || hũ; wũ |- ! eat | sàqèngpùà () || || a* || kã; pã; tã |- ! one | ófà || ofa || ali* || alì |- ! two | hnyûmò || hime || hi*tu* || hĩ́to
See also Papuan languages
References
External links Skou languages database at TransNewGuinea.org