Trappists

The Trappists, officially known as the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (, abbreviated as OCSO) and originally named the Order of Reformed Cistercians of Our Lady of La Trappe, are a Catholic religious order of cloistered monastics that branched off from the Cistercians. They follow the Rule of Saint Benedict and have communities of both monks and nuns that are known as Trappists and Trappistines, respectively. They are named after La Trappe Abbey, the monastery from which the movement and religious order originated. The movement began with the reforms that Abbot Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé introduced in 1664, later leading to the creation of Trappist congregations, and eventually the formal constitution as a separate religious order in 1892.

History The order takes its name from La Trappe Abbey or La Grande Trappe, located in the French province of Normandy, where the reform movement began. Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, originally the commendatory abbot of La Trappe, led the reform. As commendatory abbot, de Rancé was a secular individual who obtained income from the monastery but was not a professed monk and otherwise had no monastic obligations. The second son of Denis Bouthillier, a Councillor of State, he possessed considerable wealth and was earmarked for an ecclesiastical career as coadjutor bishop to the Archbishop of Tours. However, after undergoing a conversion of life between 1660 and 1662, de Rancé renounced his possessions, formally joined the abbey, and became its regular abbot in 1663.In 1664, in reaction to the relaxation of practices in many Cistercian monasteries, de Rancé introduced an austere reform. De Rancé's reform was first and foremost centered on penitence; it prescribed hard manual labour, silence, a meagre diet, isolation from the world, and renunciation of most studies. The hard labour was in part a penitential exercise, in part a way of keeping the monastery self-supportive so that communication with the world might be kept at a minimum. This movement spread to many other Cistercian monasteries, which took up de Rancé's reforms. In time, these monasteries also spread and created new foundations of their own. These monasteries called themselves "Trappist" in reference to La Trappe, the source and origin of their reforms.

In 1792, during the French Revolution, La Trappe Abbey, like all other monasteries at the time, was confiscated by the French government and the Trappists expelled. Augustin de Lestrange, a monk of La Trappe at that time, led a number of monks to establish a new monastery in the ruined and unroofed former Carthusian charterhouse of Val-Sainte in the Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, where the monks subsequently carried out an even more austere reform practising the ancient observances of Benedict of Nursia and the first usages of Cîteaux. In 1794, Pope Pius VI raised Val-Sainte to the status of an abbey and motherhouse of the Trappists, and Dom Augustin was elected the first abbot of the abbey and the leader of the Trappist congregation. However, in 1798, when the French invaded Switzerland, the monks were again exiled and had to roam different countries seeking to establish a new home, until Dom Augustin and his monks of Val-Sainte were finally able to re-establish a community in La Trappe.

In 1834, the Holy See formed all French monasteries into the Congregation of the Cistercian Monks of Notre-Dame de la Trappe, with the abbot of La Trappe being the vicar general of the congregation. However, there were differences in observances between the dependencies of Val-Sainte and those of Notre-Dame de l'Eternité, an abbey itself founded by Val-Sainte in 1795. This led to two different Trappist congregations being formed by decree of the Holy See in 1847. These were named the 'Ancient Reform of Our Lady of La Trappe' and the 'New Reform of Our Lady of La Trappe', the former following the Constitutions of de Rancé, with the latter following the Rule of Saint Benedict combined with the ancient constitution of Cîteaux, except in a few areas prescribed by the Holy See in the same decree.

In 1892, seeking unity among the different Trappist observances, the Trappist congregations left the Cistercian Order entirely and merged to form a new order with the approval of Pope Leo XIII named the 'Order of Reformed Cistercians of Our Lady of La Trappe', formalising their identity and spirituality as a separate monastic community.

In 1909, the Trappists of Mariannhill were separated from the rest of the Trappist Order by decree of the Holy See to form the Congregation of Mariannhill Missionaries.

A well-known Trappist theologian was Thomas Merton, a prominent author in the mystic tradition and a noted poet and social and literary critic. He entered the Abbey of Gethsemani in 1941 where his writings and letters to world leaders became some of the most widely read spiritual and social works of the 20th century. Merton's widely read works include his autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain, as well as New Seeds of Contemplation and No Man is an Island.

The first Trappist to be canonized was Rafael Arnáiz Barón, who was a conventual oblate of the Abbey of San Isidro de Dueñas in Dueñas, Palencia. His defining characteristic was his intense devotion to a religious life and personal piety despite the setbacks of his affliction with diabetes mellitus. He died in 1938, aged 27 from complications of diabetes, was beatified in 1992 by Pope John Paul II and canonized in 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI.

Monastic life

Trappists, like the Benedictines and Cistercians from whom they originate, follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. "Strict Observance" refers to the Trappists' goal to follow the Rule closely. They take the three vows described in the Rule (c. 58): stability, fidelity to monastic life, and obedience.

Benedict's precept to minimize conversation means that Trappists generally speak only when necessary; idle talk is strongly discouraged. But contrary to popular belief, they do not take a vow of silence. According to Benedict, speech disturbs a disciple's quietude and receptivity, and may tempt one to exercise one's own will instead of God's. Speech that leads to unkind amusement or laughter is considered evil and forbidden. A Trappist sign language, one of several monastic sign languages, was developed to render speaking unnecessary. Meals are usually taken in contemplative silence while listening to a reading.Rule of St. Benedict, c. 38: Reading must not be wanting at the table of the brethren when they are eating. The 1949 Edition Translated by Rev. Boniface Verheyen, OSB.

Unlike the Benedictines and Cistercians, Trappists fully abstain from "flesh meats" (pig, cattle, sheep, venison, etc), described by Saint Benedict as "four-footed animals". But they generally do not live as strict vegetarians, consuming poultry, fish, and seafood, though their diet mostly consists of vegetables, beans, and grain products. Some monasteries also raise broiler chickens.

Daily life

The Liturgy of the Hours is the foundation of every Trappist's life. The details vary by community and are based on the liturgical calendar. The following schedule is a representative summary of a Trappist's daily life.

Becoming a Trappist Each monastery is autonomous and has its own rules, but the stages of entering the Trappist life are generally as follows: Candidate/observership: candidates or observers visit a monastery and consult the vocation director and/or the superior to help them discern their vocation. Usually they are asked to live in the monastery for a short period, at least a month. Postulancy: candidates live as a member of the monastery as a postulant for some months and are guided by the novice director. Novitiate: postulants are clothed with the monastic habit and formally received as members of the order. Novices are still guided by the novice director, and undergo this stage for two years. After novitiate, novices may take temporary vows. They live this stage for three to nine years to deepen study, practicing the Gospel in the monastic way, and integrate within the society. After finishing the previous stage, professed members may take final vows for life.

Manual labor The 48th chapter of the Rule of St. Benedict says, "for then are they monks in truth, if they live by the work of their hands". Thus a Trappist monk's life centers on manual labor in addition to spiritual activity. In addition to the tangible results of manual labor, which supports the economy of the community and the poor, the monk's work also reinforces the monk's and community's spiritual growth.

The goods produced range from cheeses, bread, and other foodstuffs to clothing and coffins. Their most famous products are Trappist beers. These are a unique category in the beer world, and are lauded for their high quality and flavor. Monasteries brew beer for both the monks themselves and sale to the general public. Trappist beers are bottle conditioned, containing residual sugars and living yeast to improve with age.

The Trappist monks of the Tre Fontane Abbey raise the lambs whose wool is used to make the pallia of metropolitan archbishops. The pope blesses the pallia on the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul; the metropolitan archbishops receive those pallia in a separate ceremony in their home dioceses from the hands of the apostolic nuncio, who represents the pope in their respective countries.

The monks of New Melleray Abbey in Peosta, Iowa, produce caskets for both themselves and sale to the public.

Cistercian College, Roscrea, a boys' boarding secondary school in Ireland, is the only Trappist school left in the world, and one of only two remaining monastic secondary schools in Ireland.

Saints, Blesseds, and other holy people Saints

Rafael (Maria Rafael) Arnáiz Barón (9 April 1911 – 26 April 1938), oblate, canonized on 11 October 2009

Blesseds

Augustin-Joseph (Élie) Desgardin (21 December 1750 – 6 July 1794), Martyr of the French Revolution, beatified on 1 October 1995 Gervais-Protais Brunel (18 June 1744 – 20 August 1794), Martyr of the French Revolution, beatified on 1 October 1995 Paul-Jean Charles (29 September 1743 – 25 August 1794), Martyr of the French Revolution, beatified on 1 October 1995 Pierre-Joseph Cassant (6 March 1878 – 17 June 1903), priest, beatified on 3 October 2004 Pio Heredia Zubia and 15 Companions (died between 28 July and 31 December 1936), Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War, beatified on 3 October 2015 Maria Gabriella Sagheddu (17 March 1914 – 23 April 1939), nun, beatified on 25 January 1983 Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi (c. September 1903 – 20 January 1964), Nigerian priest, beatified on 22 March 1998 Christian de Cherge and 6 Companions (died 21 May 1996), martyred during the Algerian Civil War, beatified on 8 December 2018

Venerables

Romano Bottegal (28 December 1921 – 19 February 1978), priest, declared Venerable on 9 December 2013

Servants of God

Joseph (Alois) Bley (25 January 1865 – 13 August 1904), martyred in Papua New Guinea Wendelin (Franz) Pfanner (21 September 1825 – 24 May 1909), Abbot of Mariannhill Abbey and founder of the Missionary Sisters of the Precious Blood and Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill, declared as a Servant of God on 8 April 2013 André (Marie-Emmanuel) Robial (25 October 1884 – 9 October 1937), Martyr of China from the Diocese of Zhengding, declared as a Servant of God in 2015

Trappists

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