HMS Sultan was a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 23 December 1775 at Harwich. Built to take part in the American Revolutionary War, her departure was delayed due to a shortage of crew and it was 9 June 1778 before she finally sailed as part of a squadron led by Rear-Admiral John Byron. In September she was with Richard Howe's fleet, blockading the French in Boston and in 1779, transferred to the West Indies, where she took part in the Battle of Grenada that July. Almost a year later, on 20 June 1780, she was involved in a short action off the coast of the Dominican Republic with a superior French force.
Following a refit at Plymouth, Sultan was sent to join Sir Edward Hughes' fleet in the East Indies, arriving from England on 30 March in time to fight in the battles of Providien, Negapatam and Trincomalee. Her last action was at Cuddalore in 1783 and she returned to England in 1784 as Hughes' flagship.
In July 1794, Sultan was recommissioned as a hospital ship in Portsmouth harbour where, in January 1797, she was converted for use as a prison ship. Renamed Suffolk on 25 October 1805, she remained a prison ship until 1815 when she was laid up in ordinary and in 1816, broken up.
Construction When John Montagu, Earl of Sandwich, began his third term as First Lord of the Admiralty, he immediately ordered seven new third-rate ships. Three 74s, of which Sultan was to be the first, were to be built under contract to a 1765 design of the renowned shipwright, Sir John Williams.Winfield p.75 These Royal Oak-Class ships differed from the designs of Sir Thomas Slade in that they had blunter bows and sharper sterns. This made them better sailers in fine to moderate conditions but they did not handle well in strong winds and suffered from instability.Winfield p.73
Sultan was ordered on 14 January 1771 and her keel was laid down in March at Harwich Dockyard. As built, her dimensions were: along the gun deck, at the keel, with a beam of and a depth in the hold of . This made her 1,614 tons burthen (bm). Her build cost the Admiralty £33,621.9.1d plus a further £5,855.9.6d for finishing.
On her lower gun deck, Sultan carried twenty-eight guns. Her upper deck had twenty-eight . There were four guns on the forecastle and fourteen on the quarterdeck. Royal Oak-Class ships were designed to carry a complement of 600 when fully manned.
Service Sultan was launched on 23 December 1775, an event celebrated at the Three Cups, Harwich. She was taken to Chatham Dockyard where she was completed between 23 February 1776 and 3 November 1777.Lavery, Ships of the Line, vol. 1, p. .179. First commissioned under Captain John Wheelock in August 1777, she was part of a fleet that sailed for New York on 9 June the following year. Comprising 13 ships-of-the-line and a frigate, these reinforcements for the war in America, under the command of Rear-Admiral John Byron, had been delayed for some months due to a shortage of manpower.Clowes (Vol.III) p.395 It was only after the French fleet had left Toulon and thus ceased to pose an invasion threat, that the Channel Fleet could be stripped of its crews.
Byron's squadron was scattered by a storm and arrived in America piecemeal. His flagship, the 90-gun , eventually made landfall off the south-coast of Long Island on 18 August. Most of his ships ended up in Halifax and only a few made it to New York.Clowes (Vol.III) p.397 On 11 September 1778, Sultan joined Richard Howe's fleet, blockading the French in Boston.
Following the death of Captain Wheelock in 1779, command of Sultan passed to Captain Charles Fielding. The ship was in Antigua in February when Fielding was entrusted with delivering dispatches to England. Shortly after the Battle of St Lucia, the frigate arrived, carrying details of the island's capture and the two ships left in company on 16 February. They arrived at Spithead on 22 March with papers and reports from Byron, Admiral Samuel Barrington and Major-General James Grant.
Battle of Grenada
Fielding was later replaced by Captain Alan Gardner under whom Sultan fought at the Battle of Grenada on 6 July. The British ships were away on escort duty, when on 18 June, a French force under the Comte D'Estaing, attacked and captured the island of St Vincent.Clowes (Vol.III) p.433 Admiral Byron had been notified of the island's loss and was moving to recapture it when he received word that the French had since taken Grenada. He immediately turned his convoy to meet them.Clowes (Vol.III) p.434 Of his twenty-one ships-of-the-line, he initially left three to guard the convoy and, hoping to attack quickly before the French had time to assemble, sent the remainder on a general chase of the enemy fleet as it left its anchorage. Fifteen of the twenty-five French ships had already formed line-of-battle when Sultan, leading the charge, with and arrived. Far ahead of their compatriots they were forced to endure the brunt of the French fire, without being able to bring their own guns to bear.Clowes (Vol.III) p.436 The rest of the British fleet, while attempting to form line, engaged discontinuously and, outnumbered, was badly mauled in the disorganised attack.Clowes (Vol.III) p.437 The British had 183 men killed and 346 wounded in the battle. The loss aboard Sultan was 16 killed and 39 wounded.
Action off Monte Cristi In June 1780, Sultan was part of William Cornwallis's small squadron, comprising two 74s, two 64s, a 50-gun ship and a frigate, sent by the Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station, Admiral Hyde Parker, to accompany a British merchant fleet bound for England. Having taken the convoy as far as Bermuda, Cornwallis was returning when, on 20 June, a fleet of French transports and its escort were seen off Monte Cristi. The French fleet, commanded by Admiral Charles de Ternay was on its way to Rhode Island with 6,000 troops. On seeing the British approach, de Ternay had his seven escort ships – An 80-gun, two 74s and four 64s, form a column which then bore down on the enemy. In response Cornwallis ordered his ships into a line-of-battle, with Sultan in second position.Clowes (Vol.III) pp.474–475 After a brief exchange of fire, the inferior British force broke off the engagement and the French continued on their way.Clowes (Vol.III) p.476
By December that year Sultan was back in England undergoing a refit and recoppering at Plymouth. The works took until April following and cost £11,914.2.10d. She was recommissioned in May 1781, under Captain James Watt, and in June, sailed for the East Indies. In 1782, having at some point returned to home waters, Sultan and were sent back to the East Indies to join Sir Edward Hughes' fleet, arriving from England in time to fight in the battles of Providien, Negapatam and Trincomalee. During the journey, scurvy had taken its toll on the men from both ships. Encountering Hughes en route to Trincomalee, neither ship had an opportunity to land the sick and reinforce, and were thus forced to do battle with depleted crews.
Providien
Hughes in the 74-gun , accompanied by the 74-gun , the 68-gun , the 50-gun , and the five 64-gun ships, , , , and , had left Madras on 12 March and was sailing with reinforcements for Trincomalee. On 30 March, he was joined at sea by Sultan and Magnanime, bringing his force up to eleven ships. Twelve French ships-of-the-line, under Admiral Pierre André de Suffren, having landed troops to assist in the siege of Cuddalore, was heading south when on 9 April the British fleet was seen. Hughes, considering his first priority to be the safe delivery of the troops, held his course for two days until an action became inevitable. When, on the morning of 12 April, it became apparent that he was going to be overhauled, Hughes had his ships form line-of-battle with Sultan and Magnanime at the rear.Clowes (Vol.III) p.552
At 11:00, the French, having been on a parallel tack, turned towards the British line with each ship steering for its opposite number. Suffren directed his extra ship to attack the rear from the other side. The French line was bowed however and it was the central British ships which bore the brunt of the attack.Clowes (Vol.III) pp.553–554 At 15:40, both fleets were running out of searoom and tacked to avoid running foul of the shore. After working his way clear, at 17:40 Hughes anchored his fleet to make repairs. The French anchored at 20:00, away, to do likewise. Each side had had 137 men killed and, in addition, the British had 430 wounded and the French, 357.Clowes (Vol.III) p.554 It was a week before either fleet was ready to sail again; the French finished their repairs first and left on 19 April, the British a few days later. Hughes' ships put into Trincomalee on 22 April. On 23 June, they left for Negapatam.
Negapatam
On arrival at Negapatam, the fleet learned that Cuddalore had surrendered on 4 April, and Suffren was a few miles north preying on British merchant vessels. While the British were deciding their best course of action, Suffren, who had heard of Hughes' location, turned up to offer battle. The French fleet, reinforced with its prizes, appeared at 13:00 on 5 JulyClowes (Vol.III) pp.454–455 and at 15:00, with a monsoon approaching, Hughes' ships sailed out, heading south, to steal the weathergauge. When dawn came the following morning, the British were some to windward of the French fleet, which had anchored during the night. At 06:00, Suffren ordered his ships to get under way but found that one of his 64s, Ajax, was unable to comply, having lost a mast during the previous night's storm. This made the fleets numerically equal.Clowes (Vol.III) p.555
With the wind from the south-west, both fleets lined up on the starboard tack with the French to leeward. Just before 11:00 the lines began to converge but as in the battle on 12 April, and indeed as was the case in most engagements, the opposing forces did not sail a parallel course and the ships in the van began a much closer action than those towards the rear. The fourth ship in the French line therefore was badly damaged in the opening exchanges and, with one of its masts brought down, was forced to retire.
At 12:30, the wind veered to south-south-east, sending the fleets into disarray. With the wind head-on, some ships turned to starboard and some to port.Clowes (Vol.III) p.556 The majority turned away from the engagement but six ships, four British and two French turned in towards one another. Sultan, one of the ships in the ensuing melee, may have been responsible for bringing down the mast of Brilliant before joining two other British ships in an action against the 64-gun Sévère. Outnumbered, Sévère surrendered. The British ships ceased firing and Sultan turned away to rejoin her fleet. With Suffren now approaching in the 74-gun Héros, Sévère ran up her colours and fired into Sultan's stern, causing considerable damage. By 13:30 the battle was all but over; each side regrouped and by 18:00 had anchored some apart, to effect repairs. The British had 77 killed and 233 wounded in the engagement while the French had 178 killed and 601 wounded. On 7 July, the French fleet sailed for Cuddalore.Clowes (Vol.III) p.557
Trincomalee
Hughes had returned to Madras by 20 July but having anticipated an attack on Trincomalee, left on 20 August. The British reached the port on 2 September to find the place had fallen two days earlier. The next morning, as the British approached, Suffren's force of 14 ships-of-the-line, put to sea. Hughes had also been reinforced, by the 64-gun Sceptre, bringing his number up to twelve.