The Grand Duchy of Posen (; ) was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, created from territories annexed by Prussia after the Partitions of Poland, and formally established following the Congress of Vienna in 1815. On 9 February 1849, the Prussian administration renamed the grand duchy the Province of Posen. Its former name was unofficially used afterwards for denoting the territory, especially by Poles, and today is used by modern historians to refer to different political entities until 1918. Its capital was Posen (). The title of Grand Duke of Posen remained until 1918 to the King of Prussia.
History Background
Originally part of the Kingdom of Poland, this area largely coincided with Greater Poland. The eastern portions of the territory were taken by the Kingdom of Prussia during the Partitions of Poland; during the first partition (1772), Prussia took just the Netze District, the portion along the Noteć () river. Prussia added the remainder during the second partition in 1793. Prussia briefly lost control during the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794.
It was initially administered as the province of South Prussia. The Poles were the primary ally of Napoleon Bonaparte in Central Europe, participating in the Greater Poland Uprising of 1806 and supplying troops for his campaigns. After the defeat of Prussia by Napoleonic France, the Duchy of Warsaw was created by the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807.
1815–1830 Following the Congress of Vienna, portions of Prussia's Polish territories were ceded to Congress Poland, a kingdom ruled in personal union by the Russian Czar. From the remainder, the Grand Duchy of Posen was created with the city of Posen as the administrative centre and the seat of the Statthalter Prince Antoni Henryk Radziwiłł. In reality, the governing power over the region lay with the provincial upper-president Joseph Zerboni di Sposetti.Historia. Encyklopedia Szkolna. Warszawa 1993. Page 670
At the beginning of the Prussian takeover of Polish territories, the discrimination and repression of Poles consisted of reducing their access to education and the judicial system. Prussian officials identified Germanisation as the progress of higher culture over a lower one. As a result, the local administration discriminated against Poles. After 1824, attempts to Germanise the school system were hastened and the government refused to establish a Polish university in Posen. Polish politicians issued protests against Prussian policies and a secret, patriotic Polish organisation was founded called Towarzystwo Kosynierów (Society of Scythemen). The resistance activity of Poles resulted in a reaction from Berlin, where a trial was held in connection to links between Poles from the Grand Duchy with Poles from Russian-ruled Congress Poland."Lands of Partitioned Poland 1795–1918"Piotr Stefan Wandycz Washington University Press 1974.
1830–1840
The 1830 November Uprising within Congress Poland against the Russian Empire was significantly supported by Poles from the Grand Duchy. Afterward, the Prussian administration under Oberpräsident Eduard Flottwell known for his anti-Polonism introduced a stricter system of repression against the Poles. Prussian authorities attempted to expel Poles from administration to weaken the Polish nobility by buying its lands out, and, after 1832, the role of the Polish language in education was significantly repressed. Local self-government in the landed estates of land-lords, which was dominated by Polish nobility, was abolished, and instead the Prussian state appointed commissioners. Monasteries and their assets were confiscated by Prussia. The office of the governor (Statthalter) was abolished. Germanisation of institutions, education as well, through colonisation was implemented.Historia 1789–1871 Page 255. Anna Radziwiłł and Wojciech Roszkowski.
1840–1846 On 11 September 1840, an audience was held by the Prussian king for deputies coming from the Grand Duchy. Count Edward Raczyński, in the name of all Polish members of the Grand Duchy Sejm (parliament), issued a complaint against the repression and discrimination of the Polish population, which went against guarantees made in 1815. He accused the Prussian authorities of removing the Polish language from public institutions, courts and schools, as well as deleting the history of Poland from school teaching and substituting the name "Province of Posen" for the previous "Grand Duchy of Posen". He also blamed the authorities for erasing the Polish Eagle from the Grand Duchy's seals and emblems and for expelling Poles from offices in order to replace them with Prussians or foreign-born persons of German ethnicity.The second upper-president of the Grand Duchy, Theodor von Baumann, was born in the Electorate of Hanover, but had been serving in the Prussian civil service since 1793. When land owners of Polish ethnicity sold land, it was often bought in order to resell it to colonists of German ethnicity. The Prussian king rejected the complaint; he was fully supportive of the Germanisation of Polish areas. However, he believed it had to be done through different methods, and in May 1841 decided to name Flottwell upper-president of the Prussian Province of Saxony, which included large territories annexed from the Kingdom of Saxony in 1815.
Greater Poland Uprising of 1846 Before 1848, repressions intensified in the Grand Duchy, censorship was strengthened, and settlers of German ethnicity were brought in.Historia 1789–1871 Page 278. Anna Radziwiłł and Wojciech Roszkowski. Large patriotic demonstrations were held in memory of Antoni Babiński, a member of the Polish Democratic Society. He had been wounded by a gunshot when the Prussian gendarme, attempting to arrest him, engaged in a fight with him. Babiński was then captured, sentenced to death and executed in Posen. His public execution in February 1847 was accompanied by public mourning. Cloth soaked in his blood and other remains were distributed as national relics. Large prayers were held in his memory, often against the orders of Prussia. Members of such gatherings were persecuted by the police. At the same time, the national self-awareness grew among the rural population of Polish and German ethnicity alike. Whereas two thirds of the grand ducal population identified as ethnically Polish (mostly in the centre, south and east), one third envisioned themselves as being of German ethnicity. Anti-Prussian sentiment grew as a response to the policy of Germanisation and repression by Prussian authorities and the conspiracy organisation called Związek Plebejuszy found a potent ground. It was led by bookseller Walenty Stefański, poet Ryszard Berwiński and lawyer Jakub Krauthofer-Krotowski.
Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 and the Duchy
During the Revolutions of 1848, the Frankfurt Parliament attempted to divide the grand duchy into two parts: the province of Posen, which would have been annexed into a united Germany, and the province of Gniezno, which would have remained outside Germany, but because of the protest of Polish parliamentarians these plans failed and the integrity of the grand duchy was preserved. However, on February 9, 1849, after a series of broken assurances, the Prussian administration renamed the grand duchy the Province of Posen. Nevertheless, the territory remained outside of the German Confederation until its dissolution and but was incorporated into the North German Confederation upon its foundation. The Prussian kings retained the title of Grand Duke of Posen until the fall of the monarchy in 1918.
Area and Population
The grand duchy was in area and was subdivided into two government districts: Posen and Bromberg. The regions were further divided into 26 original districts (, ) headed by Landräte ("district councillors"). Later, these were redivided into 40 districts, plus two urban districts. In 1824, the Grand Duchy also received a provincial council (term started in 1827), but with little administrative power, limited to providing advice. In 1817, the Culmerland (Chełmno Land) was moved to West Prussia. From the 1820s, the grand duchy had a parliament, the Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Posen. Today, much of the territory lies within the Greater Poland and Kuyavian–Pomeranian voivodeships.
Population: 900,000 (1815) 1,350,000 (1849) 2,100,000 (1910)
Since in the first half of the 19th century there was no census or other statistics also recording the ethnic identities of the inhabitants of the grand duchyJerzy Kozłowski, "Die Einführung der preußischen Verwaltung im Großherzogtum Posen 1815–1830", on: Polen Didaktik: Wissenschaft und Praxis, retrieved on 4 February 2013. its ethnic composition can only be derived from its religious makeup then recorded in the census. By 1815, in the grand duchy, Catholics were by majority Polish-speaking, most Protestants were native speakers of German and many Jews then spoke Yiddish. Based on the religious data, it was estimated that in 1815, ethnic Poles made up about 657,000 persons (or 73% of the overall population), while ethnic Germans were 225,000 (25%) and 18,000 (or 2%) were of the Yiddish culture.Historia 1789–1871 Page 224. Anna Radziwiłł and Wojciech Roszkowski. In 1819, according to Georg Hassel, ethnic Poles were 77% of the population, ethnic Germans 17.5% and Jews 5.5%.
Whereas in 1812 Jews in Prussia proper had been emancipated and naturalised, the Jews of the grand duchy were excluded from citizens' franchise, but like women and non-propertied classes, mere subjects of the grand duke. Only Christian men, if owning land, were enfranchised as citizens. Whereas Christians had freedom to move from the grand duchy to Prussia proper, the grand duchy's Jews were forbidden to immigrate to Prussia.Philo-Lexikon: Handbuch des jüdischen Wissens, Berlin: Philo Verlag, 31936, reprint Frankfurt am Main: Jüdischer Verlag, 1992, p. 570. . Prussian policy, however, opened an exception; Germanized Jews were enfranchised as citizens and granted freedom of movement. So most adherents of the Yiddish culture Germanized themselves within a short period. Many traditional or newly established German language educational institutions were attended by local Jews who, equipped with Prussian education and German language skills, often emigrated to Prussia proper with some making their careers.Examples are Berthold Kempinski, founder of Kempinski Hotels, Rudolf Mosse, etc. Despite Germanization efforts, the Polish speaking population more than doubled to 1,344,000 and remained the majority, however, its percentage decreased to 64% of the population by 1910. However, there were regional differences, with Polish being the prevalent language in central, eastern and southern Posen, and German speakers constituted majorities in the north and west.
Religion