The Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism (, LVF) was a unit of the German Army during World War II consisting of collaborationist volunteers from France. Officially designated the 638th Infantry Regiment (Infanterieregiment 638), it was one of several foreign volunteer units formed in German-occupied Western Europe to participate in the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.
Created in July 1941, the LVF originated as an initiative by a coalition of far-right factions including Marcel Déat's National Popular Rally, Jacques Doriot's French Popular Party, Eugène Deloncle's Social Revolutionary Movement and Pierre Costantini's French League. In contrast to the conservative and authoritarian Vichy regime, which considered itself neutral, the LVF's founders explicitly supported Nazi ideology. The LVF was tolerated by Vichy and received limited personal endorsement from its leading figures.
Smaller than originally anticipated, the LVF was sent to the Eastern Front in October 1941. It performed poorly in combat during the Battle of Moscow in November and December 1941 and suffered heavy losses. Its constituent battalions were subsequently split up and only reconstituted into a single formation in September 1943. For most of its existence, it participated in so-called bandit-fighting operations (Bandenbekämpfung) behind the front line in German-occupied Byelorussia and Ukraine and participated in the violent repression of Soviet partisans and associated atrocities against the civilian population.
Over the course of its existence, 5,800 men served in the unit, although its strength never exceeded 2,300. After the Allied landings in Normandy and Liberation of France, the LVF was disbanded in September 1944 and its remaining personnel incorporated into the Waffen-SS in the short-lived SS "Charlemagne" Waffen-Grenadier Brigade.
Background France declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939 at the same time as the United Kingdom. It was invaded and occupied by German forces after a disastrous military campaign in May and June 1940 in which 600,000 civilians and soldiers were killed, and a further 1.8 million soldiers were detained as prisoners of war in Germany. Critics of the country's pre-war republican regime attributed the national humiliation to the failure of parliamentary democracy and the corrupting influence of liberal individualism, communism, freemasonry and Jews. Countering these threats were among the main organising principles of the "National Revolution" declared by the authoritarian Vichy regime under Marshal Philippe Pétain in the aftermath of the defeat.
Although a puppet state whose direct control over French territory was limited to the southern "free zone" (zone libre), the Vichy regime considered itself to be neutral and not part of an alliance with Germany. The Vichy regime could not control large parts of French territory under direct German occupation, notably the northern "occupied zone" (zone occupée). More extreme right-wing French political factions (groupuscules) centred on Paris in the zone occupée often shared a more explicitly Nazi and pro-German ideology than Vichy. These groups only enjoyed the support of a tiny fraction of the French population. The historian Julian Jackson estimates the peak number of adherents to these radical groups at a maximum of 220,000 in 1942. Although there had been interest within the German Foreign Ministry about closer ties with France after the defeat, these were vetoed by Adolf Hitler, who wanted total freedom to decide on the country's future after the war and was determined to keep the Vichy regime weak.
The four main political factions which emerged as leading proponents of radical collaborationism in France were Marcel Déat's National Popular Rally (Rassemblement national populaire, RNP), Jacques Doriot's French Popular Party (Parti populaire français, PPF), Eugène Deloncle's Social Revolutionary Movement (Mouvement social révolutionnaire, MSR), and Pierre Costantini's French League (Ligue française). These groups were small in size and widely considered as violent extremists by the majority of the French population and instead looked for support to the Germans. Rivalries between the separate factions were intense. According to Jackson, "collaborationist politics was a vipers' nest of hatreds, all the more intense because power was so remote" as each vied with one another to be the single party in a future one-party state. German overtures towards these collaborationist factions put significant pressure on Vichy to renounce neutrality and gave rise to deep suspicion in Pétain's entourage. The German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 provided the factions with an opportunity to consolidate German support by demonstrating their loyalty and political importance to the German occupiers. Although the invasion did not lead Vichy to declare war, it broke off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union on 30 June 1941.
Formation Origins of the LVF
The exact origins of the unit are unclear. It is generally believed that Doriot was first to suggest a French unit for the Eastern Front days after the invasion of the Soviet Union began in June 1941. Rather than involving Vichy, he reached out to the German ambassador in Paris, Otto Abetz. Hitler approved the unit's creation on 5 July 1941 but mandated that it be organised privately and limited to 10,000 men, much smaller than the 30,000 that Doriot and his supporters had imagined. The historian Owen Anthony Davey writes that "the prospect of 30,000 armed French fanatics must have been frightening even to the Germans". At around the same time, numerous similar volunteer units were formed in other parts of German-occupied Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway as well as neutral Francoist Spain.
Doriot, Déat, Deloncle and Constantine met at the Hotel Majestic in Paris on 7 July 1941 and agreed to co-ordinate their efforts towards the Anti-Bolshevik Legion (Légion anti-Bolchévique), soon renamed the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism (Légion des volontaires français contre le Bolchévisme, LVF). At Abetz's initiative, they agreed to establish a "central committee" to manage recruitment and publicity for the unit under Deloncle's presidency. A joint appeal was published in the PPF newspaper on 8 July 1941 setting out the intended aims of the LVF and appealing for support. Among those who rallied to the new foundation were even smaller factions from the French extreme-right, such as Jean Boissel's Frankish Front (Front franc), Marcel Bucard's Frankish Movement (Mouvement franciste) and Maurice-Bernard de la Gatinais's French Crusade for National Socialism (Croisade française du national-socialisme).
Conscious of the marginality of its leading figures, an "honorary committee" was established a few months later to support its activities and bring in figures from France's intelligentsia and the Catholic Church to increase its respectability. Honorary committee members included Cardinal Alfred Baudrillart, the inventor Auguste Lumière, the journalist Jean Luchaire, the writer Alphonse de Châteaubriant, and the académiciens Abel Bonnard, Abel Hermant, and Maurice Donnay. In LVF propaganda, Catholic and Napoleonic symbolism remained ubiquitous.
Recruitment The first large public rally for the LVF took place with German backing in the Vélodrome d'Hiver in Paris on 18 July 1941 and marked the effective start of the recruitment campaign. It was soon actively recruiting and fundraising across France. Its propaganda portrayed the legion as part of a Europe-wide crusade against communism, drawing on France's medieval history and avoiding mention of Germany. It established 137 recruitment offices across France, some of them in expropriated Jewish homes. The Legion appealed particularly to men on the margins of French society. Among volunteers recruited in Marseille, half were unemployed and 40 percent had criminal records.
Recruitment remained below target and the LVF struggled to enlist more than 3,000 men in its initial phase. This was partly because the LVF was officially a private organisation run by the committee in Paris which was active only within the occupied zone although an informal "action committee" was also soon established in the free zone under the former PPF deputy Simon Sabiani and was able to operate semi-officially. The Vichy regime provided no direct support for its recruitment campaign although it partially repealed an existing law prohibiting French citizens from enlisting in foreign armed forces. Some Vichy officials may have attempted to hinder recruitment in the free zone, and there were few volunteers from Vichy's own Armistice Army. At the same time, the German authorities blocked attempts to recruit French prisoners of war in Germany and imposed more restrictive conditions on service in light of France's political importance within German-occupied Europe. As Davey noted:
Despite racialised admission criteria, the unit included non-white volunteers from the French colonial empire. According to one source, there were approximately 200 non-white personnel, most of whom came from French North Africa and served in the 3rd Battalion. There were also a number of White Russian émigrés. The LVF drew recruits from across the social strata of French society, many of whom had nothing in common beyond anticommunism.
Establishment and training The first contingent of recruits was assembled at Versailles for a public parade on 27 August 1941 to mark the LVF's creation. At the ceremonies, Pétain's deputy Pierre Laval and Déat were shot and wounded in an attempted assassination by a follower of Deloncle who had enlisted in the unit. The following day, German Army doctors rejected almost half of the recruits on medical grounds. Although 10,000 recruits volunteered in its first two years of the LVF's existence, almost half were rejected on these grounds and the unit remained far below the ceiling imposed in 1941. Doriot personally enlisted in the first contingent, boosting the prestige of his PPF among collaborationist sympathisers in France.
Amid continuing Vichy opposition, the LVF was folded into the German Army (Wehrmacht). The recruits had been promised that they would fight in French uniforms, but instead were given German uniforms, with only a small shield-shaped badge worn on the right arm in the colors of the French flag to signify their national origin. It proved difficult to find an experienced military officer willing to act as commanding officer. Déat announced on 8 July that General Joseph Hassler, who had commanded a French division in 1940, would command the LVF. Hassler, who had not been consulted beforehand, refused any involvement. The committee ultimately chose the 65-year old Colonel Roger Henri Labonne, who had no combat experience but had previously served as French military attaché in Turkey.
The first detachment left France on 8 September 1941 and the LVF began basic training in October 1941 at Deba in the General Government, run by French-speaking German officers. It was designated the 638th Infantry Regiment (Infanterieregiment 638) and was integrated into the 7th Infantry Division, drawn mainly from Bavaria. Before leaving training, 60 men were repatriated for various reasons including refusing to wear German uniforms and disciplinary issues. A small number refused to swear an oath of allegiance to Hitler and were imprisoned.
Operational history Siege of Moscow, November–December 1941