Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)

In the first Gulf of Sidra incident, 19 August 1981, two Libyan Air Force Sukhoi Su-22M3 fighters fired upon two United States Navy Grumman F-14A Tomcats and were subsequently shot down off the Libyan coast, by AIM-9L Sidewinder missiles. The US Navy records that both Libyan pilots ejected and were safely recovered, but one F-14 pilot reported seeing one Su-22 parachute failing to open. These were the first aircraft shootdowns by the US over the Mediterranean Sea since theater combat in World War II.

Libya had claimed that the entire Gulf was their territory, at 32° 30′ N, with an exclusive fishing zone, which Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi asserted as "The Line of Death" in 1973. Two further incidents occurred in the area in 1986 and in 1989.

Background

In 1973, Libya claimed the Gulf of Sidra as a closed bay and part of its territorial waters."Congressional Research Service Issue Brief for Congress: Libya". (2002, April 10). Foreign Press Centers, U.S. Department of State, Retrieved 20 January 2012.St John, Ronald Bruce. (2002). Libya and the United States: Two Centuries of Strife. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 125. .Davis, Brian L. (1990). Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya. Praeger Publishers. p. 14. . This prompted the United States to conduct Freedom of Navigation (FON) operations in the area since the claim did not meet the criteria established by international law.Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Naval Institute Press. p. 29. . Libya often confronted U.S. forces in and near the gulf, and on two occasions its fighter jets opened fire on U.S. reconnaissance flights off the Libyan coast; once in early 1973Davis, Brian L. (1990). Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya. Praeger Publishers. p. 47. .Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Naval Institute Press. p. 27. .Beecher, William. (1973, March 23). "U.S. Asserts Plane Fled Libyan Jets: 'Eavesdropping' Transport Ignored Arabs' Signal to Land, Officials Say". The New York Times.Finney, John W. (1973, March 25). "Trouble Again Over The 'Elint'". The New York Times. and again in late 1980.Martin, David C. and John Walcott. (1988). Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America’s War Against Terrorism. Harper and Row, Publishers Inc. p. 68 .Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Naval Institute Press. p. 30. . FON operations intensified when Ronald Reagan became president.

In August 1981, Reagan authorized a large naval force led by a pair of U.S. Navy aircraft carriers, and , to deploy to the disputed area.Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Naval Institute Press. p. 49. . The two carriers had embarked a total of four interceptor squadrons: VF-74 "Be-Devilers" and VMFA-115 "Silver Eagles", flying F-4 Phantoms from Forrestal, and the VF-41 "Black Aces" and VF-84 "Jolly Rogers", flying F-14 Tomcats from Nimitz. The Libyan Air Force responded by deploying a high number of interceptors and fighter-bombers.Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Naval Institute Press. p. 50. .

Early in the morning of 18 August, when the U.S. exercise began, at least three MiG-25 "Foxbats" approached the U.S. carrier groups and were escorted away by American interceptors. The Libyans tried to establish the exact location of the U.S. naval force. Thirty-five pairs of MiG-23 "Floggers", MiG-25s, Sukhoi Su-20 "Fitter-Cs", Su-22M "Fitter-Js" and Mirage F1s flew into the area, and were soon intercepted by seven pairs of F-14s and F-4s.Wilcox, Robert K. (1996). Wings of Fury: From Vietnam to the Gulf War – The Astonishing True Stories of America's Elite Fighter Pilots. Pocket Books. p. 10. .Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Naval Institute Press. p. 50. . U.S. Naval Intelligence later assessed that a MiG-25 may have fired a missile from away at U.S. fighter aircraft that day.Wilcox, Robert K. (1996). Wings of Fury: From Vietnam to the Gulf War – The Astonishing True Stories of America's Elite Fighter Pilots. Pocket Books. pp. 10–11. .

Incident On the morning of 19 August, after having diverted a number of Libyan "mock" attacks on the battle group the previous day, two F-14s from VF-41 "Black Aces",Brown, Craig. (2007). Debrief: A Complete History of U.S. Aerial Engagements 1981 to the Present. Schiffer Military History. pp. 13–14. . Fast Eagle 102 (CDR Henry 'Hank' Kleemann/LT David 'DJ' Venlet) (flying BuNo 160403)Brown, David F. (1998). Tomcat Alley: A Photographic Roll Call of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat. Schiffer Military History. pp. 99, 104. . and Fast Eagle 107 (LT Lawrence 'Music' Muczynski/LTJG James 'Luca'Signed Lithograph while in VF-41 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-WpYnlo5Hk) Anderson) (in BuNo 160390), were flying a combat air patrol (CAP), ostensibly to cover aircraft engaged in a missile exercise.Wilcox, Robert K. (1996). Wings of Fury: From Vietnam to the Gulf War – The Astonishing True Stories of America’s Elite Fighter Pilots. Pocket Books. pp. 68–69. . However, U.S. Navy Commander Thompson S. Sanders wrote in Air & Space/Smithsonian that his S-3A Viking's mission was the real precursor to this incident. Sanders was ordered to fly his Viking in a "racetrack" orbit (oval pattern) inside Gaddafi's claimed zone but outside the internationally recognized territorial water limit to try to provoke the Libyans to react. An E-2C Hawkeye alerted Sanders that two Sukhoi Su-22 fighters had taken off from Ghurdabiyah Air Base near the city of Sirte.Brown, Craig (2007). Debrief: A Complete History of U.S. Aerial Engagements 1981 to the Present. Schiffer Military History. p. 15. .Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Gaddafi. Naval Institute Press. p. 52. .

The Hawkeye directed the F-14s to intercept. Sanders dove to an altitude of and flew north to evade the Libyan aircraft, an experience Sanders found stressful because the S-3A was not equipped with a threat warning receiver, nor with any countermeasures, a deficiency later remedied on the S-3B.Sanders, Thompson, "Bait and switch", Air & Space, June/July 2012, pp. 18–19 The two F-14s set up for an intercept as the contacts headed north towards them.Martin, David C. and John Walcott. (1988). Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America’s War Against Terrorism. Harper and Row, Publishers Inc. p. 69 . Only a few seconds before the crossing, at an estimated distance of 300 m, one of the Libyans fired an AA-2 "Atoll" at one of the F-14s, but missed.

The two Su-22s split as they flew past the Americans, the leader turning to the northwest and the wingman turning southeast in the direction of the Libyan coast.Martin, David C. and John Walcott. (1988). Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America’s War Against Terrorism. Harper and Row, Publishers Inc. p. 71 . The Tomcats evaded the missile and were cleared to return fire by their rules of engagement, which mandated self-defense on the initiation of hostile action.Kimmitt, Robert M. (2006, August 20). "Reagan and Gadhafi" . The Washington Times, Retrieved 20 January 2012. The Tomcats turned hard port and came behind the Libyan jets. The Americans fired AIM-9L Sidewinders; the first kill was credited to Fast Eagle 102, the second to Fast Eagle 107.Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Naval Institute Press. pp. 54–55. . Both Libyan pilots ejected.

Prior to the ejections, a U.S. electronic surveillance plane monitoring the event recorded the lead Libyan pilot reporting to his ground controller that he had fired a missile at one of the U.S. fighters and gave no indication that the missile shot was unintended.Martin, David C. and John Walcott. (1988). Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America’s War Against Terrorism. Harper and Row, Publishers Inc. p. 72 .Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Naval Institute Press. pp. 54, 56. . The official U.S. Navy report states that both Libyan pilots ejected and were safely recovered, but in the official audio recording of the incident taken from , one of the F-14 pilots states that he saw a Libyan pilot eject, but his parachute failed to open.

Less than an hour later, while the Libyans were conducting a search-and-rescue operation for their downed pilots, two MiG-25s entered the airspace over the Gulf. They headed towards the U.S. carriers at Mach 1.5 and conducted a mock attack in the direction of USS Nimitz.Wilcox, Robert K. (1996). Wings of Fury: From Vietnam to the Gulf War – The Astonishing True Stories of America’s Elite Fighter Pilots. Pocket Books. pp. 26–28. . Two VF-41 Tomcats headed towards the Libyans, which then turned around. The Tomcats turned home, but had to turn around again when the Libyans headed towards the U.S. carriers once more. After being tracked by the F-14s' radars, the MiGs finally headed home. One more Libyan formation ventured out into the Gulf towards the U.S. forces later that day.

Aftermath

Fast Eagle 102 (BuNo 160403) is now on display at the Commemorative Air Force Museum in Midland, Texas. The restored F-14 was unveiled in a ceremony in August 2016. Vice Admiral Dave Venlet cut the first tape.

Fast Eagle 107 (BuNo 160390) was destroyed in an accident on 25 October 1994. The plane crashed into the ocean after suffering a compressor stall in the port engine during landing. The radar intercept officer ejected safely but its pilot, Kara Hultgreen, did not survive. Parts of the plane were salvaged weeks later.

Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)

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